An Analysis of Remdesivir Patenting

Pharmaceutical patents are categorized into primary patents and secondary patents. Primary patents refer to compound patents, while secondary patents mainly include crystalline form patents, process patent, formulation patent and method of use patent. In the recent outbreak of COVID-19, Wuhan Institute of Virology, has applied for a new method of use patent on Remdesivir for its efficacy and safety in the treatment of the pneumonia caused by 2019-nCoV. But Gilead Sciences, the inventor of Remdesivir, is the eligible holder of the compound patent of Remdesivir. In theory, the patent applied for by Wuhan Institute of Virology has utility and novelty rather than innovativeness, for which it may not be granted the method of use patent of Remdesivir. In this case, we suggest that the patent of Remdesivir be implemented through cross licensing and compulsory licensing between different patent holders

Optimal Real-time Spectrum Sharing between Cooperative Relay and Ad-hoc Networks

Optimization based spectrum sharing strategies have been widely studied. However, these strategies usually require a great amount of real-time computation and significant signaling delay, and thus are hard to be fulfilled in practical scenarios. This paper investigates optimal real-time spectrum sharing between a cooperative relay network (CRN) and a nearby ad-hoc network. Specifically, we optimize the spectrum access and resource allocation strategies of the CRN so that the average traffic collision time between the two networks can be minimized while maintaining a required throughput for the CRN. The development is first for a frame-level setting, and then is extended to an ergodic setting. For the latter setting, we propose an appealing optimal real-time spectrum sharing strategy via Lagrangian dual optimization. The proposed method only involves a small amount of real-time computation and negligible control delay, and thus is suitable for practical implementations. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed strategies.Comment: One typo in the caption of Figure 5 is correcte

Strong Decays of the Radial Excited States B(2S)B(2S) and D(2S)D(2S)

The strong OZI allowed decays of the first radial excited states $B(2S)$ and $D(2S)$ are studied in the instantaneous Bethe-Salpeter method, and by using these OZI allowed channels we estimate the full decay widths: $\Gamma_{B^0(2S)}=24.4$ MeV, $\Gamma_{B^+(2S)}=23.7$ MeV, $\Gamma_{D^0(2S)}=11.3$ MeV and $\Gamma_{D^+(2S)}=11.9$ MeV. We also predict the masses of them: $M_{B^0(2S)}=5.777$ GeV, $M_{B^+(2S)}=5.774$ GeV, $M_{D^0(2S)}=2.390$ GeV and $M_{D^+(2S)}=2.393$ GeV.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figur

Dynamic Model of Spur Gear Pair with Modulation Internal Excitation

In the actual measurements, vibration and noise spectrum of gear pair often exhibits sidebands around the gear mesh harmonic orders. In this study, a nonlinear time-varying dynamic model of spur gear pair was established to predict the modulation sidebands caused by the AM-FM modulation internal excitation. Here, backlash, modulation time-varying mesh stiffness, and modulation transmission error are considered. Then the undamped natural mode was studied. Numerical simulation was made to reveal the dynamic characteristic of a spur gear under modulation condition. The internal excitation was shown to exhibit obvious modulation sideband because of the modulation time-varying mesh stiffness and modulation transmission error. The Runge-Kutta method was used to solve the equations for analyzing the dynamic characteristics with the effect of modulation internal excitation. The result revealed that the response under modulation excitation exhibited obvious modulation sideband. The response under nonmodulation condition was also calculated for comparison. In addition, an experiment was done to verify the prediction of the modulation sidebands. The calculated result was consistent with the experimental result