Measurement of Strain-Amplitude Dependent Internal Friction with Torsion Pendulum and Vibration Reed Methods

<div><p>In the traditional standard of internal friction measurement the torsion pendulum and vibration reed were preferentially recommended where the issue of strain amplitude dependence of internal friction was not concerned. To more precisely measure the internal friction and modulus at various strain amplitude, in this paper the strain amplitude dependence of internal friction and modulus is considered by analyzing the stress distribution in the sample in different internal friction measurement methods. The formulas for the measurement of internal friction and modulus versus strain-amplitude are obtained by re-deriving the principal equations for internal friction and modulus measurements by torsion pendulum and vibration reed methods from the basic definition of internal friction. This provides a new standard for precise measurement of internal friction at different strain-amplitude in the cases of high strain-amplitude excitation or high damping materials where amplitude dependent effects always appear.</p></div

Exome specificity with varying exome site density.

<p>We see an increase in specificity of exome generated IBD segments in detecting data verified by GWAS IBD as we increase the threshold of site density.</p

Exome sensitivity with varying segment length.

<p>Exome sequencing IBD data is shown to have low sensitivity with GWAS IBD data. The sensitivity decreases as the threshold increases for allowed segment length.</p

Exome sensitivity with varying exome site density.

<p>We see a decrease in sensitivity of exome generated IBD segments in their ability to cover the segments discovered from GWAS IBD as we increase the threshold of site density.</p

Exome specificity with varying sites and segment length.

<p>Exome specificity as a function of both with varying site frequency and segment length. Using specificity data generated for the 50 bit size data seen, we examine here the relationship between the specificity and the site density. Areas of high specificity (color coded green) are concentrated in the portion of the graph where segments demonstrate site density, with high site frequency and low length. Based on the figure, a qualitative observation can be made about how increased site density correlates with increased specificity.</p

Concordance between GWAS IBD and whole-exome sequencing data.

a<p>Minimum genotype quality threshold for variant call.</p>b<p>Sites not present in dbSNP 130.</p>c<p>Sites present in dbSNP 130.</p>d<p>Expected concordance measured across all loci.</p>e<p>800000 genotype sites, 155327 exome sites, and 28145 filtered exome sites are compared.</p

Exome specificity with varying segment length.

<p>Exome sequencing IBD data is shown to have low specificity with GWAS IBD data. Even at lengths of 30 cM and with stringent IBD segment generation parameters, the specificity remains low at under 3%.</p