4,640 research outputs found
Evolution of the Chinese Rural-Urban Migrant Labor Market from 2002 to 2007
The paper studies the dynamic change of the migrant labor market in China from 2002 to 2007 using two comparable data sets. Our focus is on the rural-urban migration decision, the wage structure of migrants, the urban labor market segmentation between migrants and urban natives, and the changes of these aspects from 2002 to 2007. We find that prior migration experience is a key factor for the migration decision of rural household members, and its importance keeps increasing from 2002 to 2007. Our results show that there is a significant increase in wages among both migrants and urban natives over this 5-year period, but migrants have enjoyed faster wage growth, and most of the increase of wages among migrants can be attributed to the increase of returns to their characteristics. We also find evidence suggesting convergence of urban labor markets for migrants and for urban natives during this 5-year period.rural-urban migration, labor market, wage structure, migration decision, segmentation, China
Urban-Rural Consumption Inequality in China from 1988 to 2002: Evidence from Quantile Regression Decomposition
One of the most notable social phenomena in China is the large urban-rural disparity. There are many studies of it, but most of them focus on income or earnings inequality. In this paper, we investigate the consumption disparity between urban and rural households in China from 1988 to 2002. Our results suggest that low quantiles are associated with large consumption disparity. The price effect is the dominant factor for the urban-rural consumption disparity. This disparity increased significantly, both at mean and at every quantile, from 1988 to 2002. However, most of the increase happened from 1988 to 1995, and this increase was mainly from the higher growth rate of urban household consumption. Our results also suggest that rural-urban migration and improvement of the rural educational level are very helpful in reducing urban-rural disparity.inequality, consumption, quantile regression decomposition, China
Effect of surface tension and depolarization field on ferroelectric nanomaterials properties
The theory of size effects of the properties of nanocrystalline ferroelectric
ceramic or nanoparticle powder allowing for surface tension and depolarization
field is proposed. Surface tension was included into free energy functional and
surface energy was expressed via surface tension coefficient. The latter was
shown to be dependent on temperature due to its relation to dielectric
permittivity of the nanoparticles. The depolarization field effect was
calculated in the model taking into account the space charge layer on the
surface, this space-charge being able to compensate depolarization field in the
bulk material. Euler-Lagrange Equation for inhomogeneous polarization of
nanomaterial with boundary condition where extrapolation length was shown to be
temperature dependent quantity was solved analytically both in paraelectric and
ferroelectric phase of size driven phase transition. This phase transition
critical temperature dependence on the particle size was calculated.
Temperature and size dependence of nanomaterials polarization and dielectric
susceptibility was obtained. The possibility to calculate these and other
properties by minimization of conventional free energy in the form of different
power polarization series, but with the coefficients which depend on particles
size, temperature, contribution of depolarization field and surface tension
coefficient was demonstrated. These latter effects were shown to influence
essentially the nanomaterial properties. The comparison with available
experimental data is performed.Comment: 30 pages, 11 figure
4,4′-(Propane-1,3-diyl)dipyridinium tetrachloridonickelate(II)
The title compound, (C13H16N2)[NiCl4] or (H2bpp)·NiCl4 [bpp is 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane], is isostructural with its already reported Cu, Zn and Hg analogues. The structure consists of a doubly charged (H2bpp)2+ cation and a tetrahedral [NiCl4]2− dianion. Both pyridyl N atoms are protonated and form a (H2bpp)2+ cation which adopts an anti–anti conformation with a dihedral angle of 6.287 (7)° between the pyridyl rings. The two pyridyl N atoms are both involved in strong N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, which link both units into a dimer
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