Quality Changes of Pre-fried Fish during Frozen and Reheating Process

To solve the problem of taste loss of new retail prepared fish after freezing and reheating. The changes of moisture content, water holding capacity, water distribution, and microstructure in pre-fried fish were analyzed during frying, freezing and reheating processes. The results showed that with the increase of freezing-thawing cycles, a significant decrease of the moisture content (P<0.05) and water holding capacity of pre-fried fish were observed, while the degree of fat oxidation, protein degradation, and muscle fiber destruction were increased significantly (P<0.05)，as well as the flavor changes were displayed in all the samples. After reheating, the taste of pre-fried fish at 1 freezing-thawing cycle was similar to the unfrozen group. However, lower sensory scores were gained after 2 freezing-thawing cycles. Also, in comparation with the samples without freezing, the contents of myofibrillar fragmentation index, TBARS and TCA-soluble peptide increased by 24.44%, 225.84% and 52.85%, respectively. In conclusion, the edible quality and consumer acceptance of the pre-fried fish are significantly reduced when the number of freezing-thawing cycles are more than 2 times in the process of storage and transportation

Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights Into the Adaptive Responses to Hypoxia of a Schizothoracine Fish (Gymnocypris eckloni)

The schizothoracine fish endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are comparatively well adapted to aquatic environments with low oxygen partial pressures. However, few studies have used transcriptomic profiling to investigate the adaptive responses of schizothoracine fish tissues to hypoxic stress. This study compared the transcriptomes of Gymnocypris eckloni subjected to 72 h of hypoxia (Dissolved oxygen, DO = 3.0 ± 0.1 mg/L) to those of G. eckloni under normoxia (DO = 8.4 ± 0.1 mg/L). To identify the potential genes and pathways activated in response to hypoxic stress, we collected muscle, liver, brain, heart, and blood samples from normoxic and hypoxic fish for RNA-Seq analysis. We annotated 337,481 gene fragments. Of these, 462 were differentially expressed in the hypoxic fish as compared to the normoxic fish. Under hypoxia, the transcriptomic profiles of the tissues differed, with muscle the most strongly affected by hypoxia. Our data indicated that G. eckloni underwent adaptive changes in gene expression in response to hypoxia. Several strategies used by G. eckloni to cope with hypoxia were similar to those used by other fish, including a switch from aerobic oxidation to anaerobic glycolysis and the suppression of major energy-requiring processes. However, G. eckloni used an additional distinct strategy to survive hypoxic environments: a strengthening of the antioxidant system and minimization of ischemic injury. Here, we identified several pathways and related genes involved in the hypoxic response of the schizothoracine fish. This study provides insights into the mechanisms used by schizothoracine fish to adapt to hypoxic environments

Randomized study of singledose, three-day, and seven-day treatment of cystitis in

We evaluated the following five treatment regimens for acute cystitis in nonpregnant women: cefadroxil, 1,000 mg single-dose; cefadroxil, 500 mg twice a day for three days; cefadroxil, 500 mg twice a day for seven days; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), 320-1,600 mg single-dose, and TMP-SMZ, 160-800 mg twice a day for three days. At four week

Investigation on the Antifungal Ingredients of Saccharothrix Yanglingensis Hhs.015, an Antagonistic Endophytic Actinomycete Isolated from Cucumber Plant

Apple tree canker infected by Valsa mali var. mali is a serious and widely distributed disease in China. Saccharothrix yanglingensis Hhs.015 is an endophytic actinomycete isolated from cucumber roots, and it has been proven that this strain is a promising biocontrol agent on apple tree canker in previous studies. The aim of this study was to elucidate the active ingredients in its metabolites. Two pentaene macrolides, WH01 and WH02, were isolated from strain Hhs.015, and their structures were elucidated based on the extensive spectroscopic analysis. WH01 and WH02 were identified as fungichromin and 1&prime;-deoxyfungichromin, among which WH02 is a novel compound. These two compounds showed strong in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against V. mali. By comparison of the structures of hyphae cells treated by pure compound and fermentation broth, it has been proven that pentaene macrolides are the main active ingredients in the metabolites of strain Hhs.015. This is the first report on the antifungal activity of fungichromin and its analogs on V. mali, and the 28-member pentaene macrolides were also firstly isolated from the genus of Saccharothrix

Pressure dependence and anisotropy of P-wave velocities in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks from the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt (China): Implications for seismic properties of subducted slabs and origin of mantle reflections

The compressional wave velocities (Vp), pressure derivatives (Vp′) and anisotropy (A) of three types of eclogites and country rocks from the Dabie–Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt, China, have been measured under confining pressures up to 800 MPa. Type-1 eclogites, which are coarse-grained and subjected to almost no retrograde metamorphism, experienced recovery-accommodated dislocation creep at peak metamorphic conditions (in the diamond stability field). Type-2 eclogites are fine-grained reworked Type-1 materials that experienced recrystallization-accommodated dislocation creep under quartz/coesite boundary conditions during the early stage of exhumation. Type-3 eclogites are retrogressed samples that were overprinted by significant amphibolite facies metamorphism during a late stage of exhumation within the crust. Type-1 eclogites are richer in Al2O3 and MgO but poorer in SiO2 and Na2O than Type-2 and Type-3 eclogites. Anisotropy of Type-1 and Type-2 eclogites is generally low (10%) due to the presence of strongly anisotropic retrograde minerals such as amphibole, plagioclase and mica. The transition of the pressure dependence of velocity from the poroelastic to elastic regimes occurs at a critical pressure (Pc), which depends mainly on the density and distribution of microcracks and in turn on the exhumation history of rocks. The Vp–pressure relationship can be expressed by Vp=a(lnP)2+blnP+c (P≤Pc) and Vp=V0+DP (P≥Pc), where P is the confining pressure, a and b are constants describing the closure of microcracks below Pc, c is the velocity when P is equal to one (MPa), V0 is the projected velocity of a crack-free sample at room pressure, and D is the intrinsic pressure derivative above Pc. When data are curve-fit, pressure derivatives and anisotropy as functions of pressure are determined. The average Vp of the eclogites in the linear regime is 8.42+1.41×10−4P for Type-1, 7.80+1.58×10−4P for Type-2, and 7.33+2.04×10−4P for Type-3, where Vp is in km/s and P in MPa. The decrease in V0 and increase in D from Type-1 to Type-3 eclogites are attributed to a decrease in garnet content and an increase in retrograde minerals. The NE–SW trending, NW-dipping, slab-like high Vp anomaly (8.72 km/s at a depth of 71 km) which extends from the Moho to at least 110 km beneath the Dabie–Sulu region, can be interpreted as the remnant of a subducted slab which is dominated by Type-1 eclogites and has frozen in the upper mantle since about 200–220 Ma. Such relic crustal materials, subducted and preserved as eclogite layers intercalated with felsic gneiss, garnet–jadeite quartzite, marble and serpentinized peridotite, could be responsible for regionally observed seismic reflectors in the upper mantle

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Macroalgae <i>Ulva fasciata</i> and <i>Sargassum thunbergii</i> in the Daya Bay of the South China Sea, with Special Reference to the Effects of Light Quality

The changes in underwater light in field usually occur not only in intensity but in spectrum, affecting the photophysiology of marine photoautotrophs. In this study, we comparably examined the photosynthesis of two dominating macroalgae in the Daya Bay, Chlorophyta Ulva fasciata and Phaeophyta Sargassum thunbergii, under white light, as well as under red, green and blue light. The results showed that the net photosynthetic O2 evolution rate (Pn) of U. fasciata under field light increased from 25.2 ± 3.06 to 168 ± 1.2 µmol O2 g FW−1 h−1 from dawn to noon, then decreased to 42.4 ± 0.20 µmol O2 g FW−1 h−1 at dusk. The Pn of S. thunbergii exhibited a similar diel change pattern, but was over 50% lower than that of U. fasciata. The maximal photosynthetic rate (Pmax) of U. fasciata derived from the photosynthesis vs. irradiance curve under white light (i.e., 148 ± 15.8 µmol O2 g FW−1 h−1) was ~30% higher than that under blue light, while the Pmax of S. thunbergii under white light (i.e., 39.2 ± 3.44 µmol O2 g FW−1 h−1) was over 50% lower than that under red, green and blue light. Furthermore, the daily primary production (PP) of U. fasciata was ~20% higher under white than blue light, while that of S. thunbergii was 34% lower, indicating the varied light spectral compositions influence algal photosynthetic ability and thus their primary production in field, and such an influence is species-specific