CHANGES OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF TOP-GRADE FLOUR (SEMOLINA) FROM DURUM WHEAT DURING ITS RIPENING

Using the rapid method of digital image analysis by the developed scanning flour analyzer the optical properties of flour (semolina) obtained in laboratory and production conditions from durum wheat of three years of harvest (2017–2019), namely the «yellowness» indicator and the color characteristic in the blue part of the spectrum, were determined. The semolina color was also evaluated by the Konica Minolta CR-410 colorimeter. It is established that the «yellowness» indicator and the color characteristic in the blue part of the spectrum did not change within the first 5 to 6 days after grinding. The change of these indicators for all the samples is observed in the period from 6 to 20 days after grinding, there with the «yellowness» indicator decreased by 25 to 40 relative units, the color characteristic in the blue part of the spectrum increased on average by 133,75 relative units. Over the next three months, there was no change of color (by both indicators). In the course of experimental work the optical properties change depending upon carotenoids content of flour (semolina) during its ripening was shown. The correlation dependence between the «yellowness» indicator of flour (semolina) and its carotenoids content is characterized by a high approximation coefficient. The dependence of the color characteristic of flour in the blue part of the spectrum on the content of carotenoids is characterized by an approximation coefficient equal to 0.9358, and is described as a polynomial equation. It shows, that with a low carotenoid content, the considered indicator is higher by an average of 1100 relative units compared to the color of samples with a carotenoid content from 0.70 to 1.21 mcg/g. At that during storage the optical properties of flour variety with the lowest carotenoids content remained practically the same. During 78 days of storage, there was no significant change of color characteristics of the industrial flour samples, studied from the eleventh day after grinding — 5–8 times higher than the average repeatability of the measurement results.Using the rapid method of digital image analysis by the developed scanning flour analyzer the optical properties of flour (semolina) obtained in laboratory and production conditions from durum wheat of three years of harvest (2017–2019), namely the «yellowness» indicator and the color characteristic in the blue part of the spectrum, were determined. The semolina color was also evaluated by the Konica Minolta CR-410 colorimeter. It is established that the «yellowness» indicator and the color characteristic in the blue part of the spectrum did not change within the first 5 to 6 days after grinding. The change of these indicators for all the samples is observed in the period from 6 to 20 days after grinding, there with the «yellowness» indicator decreased by 25 to 40 relative units, the color characteristic in the blue part of the spectrum increased on average by 133,75 relative units. Over the next three months, there was no change of color (by both indicators). In the course of experimental work the optical properties change depending upon carotenoids content of flour (semolina) during its ripening was shown. The correlation dependence between the «yellowness» indicator of flour (semolina) and its carotenoids content is characterized by a high approximation coefficient. The dependence of the color characteristic of flour in the blue part of the spectrum on the content of carotenoids is characterized by an approximation coefficient equal to 0.9358, and is described as a polynomial equation. It shows, that with a low carotenoid content, the considered indicator is higher by an average of 1100 relative units compared to the color of samples with a carotenoid content from 0.70 to 1.21 mcg/g. At that during storage the optical properties of flour variety with the lowest carotenoids content remained practically the same. During 78 days of storage, there was no significant change of color characteristics of the industrial flour samples, studied from the eleventh day after grinding — 5–8 times higher than the average repeatability of the measurement results

Complexation of 1-hexadecyl-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide with nickel nitrate in acetone

© 2016, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.The complexation of 1-hexadecyl-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide with Ni(II) nitrate in acetone is studied by means of spectrophotometry (the Job–Ostromisslensky technique and molar ratios). The formation of 3: 1 and 1: 1 ligand: metal complexes is established and confirmed by mathematical modeling. The stability constants of the complexes and the change in the Gibbs free energy are determined

BETULIN-3, 28-DIPHOSPHATE SALT COMPLEXES WITH AMINES AND THEIR ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

Objective: Studies of composition, stability and antioxidant properties of the betulin-3, 28-diphosphate complexes with dopamine and trisamine.Methods: The betulin-3, 28-diphosphate (BDP) interaction with amines in a water-alcohol medium was studied by using spectral methods and potentiometric titration. Biochemical indexes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were estimated in experiments on rats.Results: BDP was synthesized using betulin by POCl3 treatment in the presence of pyridine in dioxane. The complexation of BDP with amines was confirmed by the 31P-NMR and FTIR-spectral data. The stoichiometry of BDP-dopamine complexes was equal to 2:1 and 4:1 and its complexes with trisamine were produced in the ratio 1:1 in a water-alcohol medium. The conditional stability constant К′st of the BDP-trisamine complex is 1130±55 mol∙l-1. BDP-Tris complex improved SOD activity up to 30% and up to 105% in the presence of cytostatic-hydrazine sulfate. The MDA level in erythrocytes decreased up to 57% and in combination with cytostatics (5-fluorouracil and hydrazine sulfate)-up to 11-14%. The catalase activity increased by 44-94% and MDA level in erythrocytes decreased by 22-53% under the action BDP-DA complexes that depends on the dose.Conclusion: The BDP forms stable complexes with trisamine and dopamine that make it possible to use this compound as a component of drug delivery system for high toxicity cytostatics and for readily oxidized catecholamines. It has been shown that both its complexes with amines and the combination with cytostatics enhanced antioxidant activity in an experiment in vitro

Synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity relationships of self-assembled and solubilization properties of amphiphilic quaternary ammonium derivatives of quinuclidine

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. This work deals with development of polyfunctional biocompatible cationic surfactant systems based on bioactive saturated bicyclic alkaloid quinuclidine. It is focused on the effect of the chemical structure of surfactants on their aggregation behavior, their physicochemical estimation of solubility of model water insoluble dye Orange OT and drugs, quercetin and rutin, microbiology and cytotoxicity. Quaternary ammonium derivatives of quinuclidine (Q-Nuc-n) with different hydrophobicity (R = CnH2n+1, where n = 14, 16, 18) were synthesized. Self-assembly of Q-Nuc-n was investigated by tensiometry, conductometry, spectrophotometry, fluorimetry and dynamic light scattering. The critical micelle concentration, thermodynamic and adsorption parameters at water-air interface, size and aggregation numbers of Q-Nuc-n micelles were determined. The looser packing of surfactant molecules in Q-Nuc-n micelles compared to its analogues, quaternized derivatives of 1,4‑diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO-n), was established. The hydrophobic dye Orange OT and drugs quercetin and rutin were solubilized in micellar Q-Nuc-n solutions better than in solutions of classical surfactant CTAB and its analogue DABCO-n. Solubilization capacity of Q-Nuc-18 is 5 times higher than that of classical surfactant CTAB. Q-Nuc-18 1.95 μg·mL−1 has also bactericidal and fungicidal activity 2 times (against S. aureus 209P) and 8 times (against B. cereus 8035) higher than antibiotics Norfloxacin and antifungal Ketoconazole. Q-Nuc-16 has the highest bactericidal activity. It is 6 times (against S. aureus 209P) and 15 times (against B. cereus 8035) higher than the bactericidal activity value of Norfloxacin. Synthesized cationic surfactants based on quinuclidine are new multifunctional biocompatible compounds with high potential in nanomedicine and biotechnology

Complexes of 1-hexadecyl-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide with transition metal nitrates. Micelle-forming, solubilizing, and adsorption properties

© 2017, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. Amphiphilic complexes of 1-hexadecyl-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide (D-16) with nitrates of transition metals (La 3+ , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , and Co 2+ ) have been synthesized and characterized. Absorption spectrophotometry in the UV, visible, and IR regions, as well as 1 Н NMR spectroscopy, have been employed to study their spectral properties in water and organic media. Adsorption properties and micelleforming and solubilizing abilities of the amphiphilic complexes have been investigated in aqueous solutions by the methods of tensiometry and conductometry, as well as by solubilization of a water-insoluble dye (Orange OT). The values of the critical micelle concentration, adsorption parameters at a water/air interface, and solubilization capacity S of complex micelles have been determined. It has been shown that the most pronounced decrease in the critical micelle concentration (as large as two to three times) and differences in the adsorption characteristics and the S values as compared with those of ligand D-16 are observed for complexes of copper and lanthanum. The S values for these complexes are 1.3−2.5 and 3−6.5 times higher than those for D-16 and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, respectively

Micellization of alkylated 1.4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane by nuclear magnetic resonance technique using pulsed gradient of static magnetic field

A phenomenon of micellization of 4-aza-1-tetradecyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2] octane bromide (AB-14) in aqueous solution has been studied by the methods of nuclear magnetic resonance using magnetic field pulse gradient and fluorimetry. The critical micelle concentration is determined; concentration dependences of percentage of free AB-14 molecules and those associated with micelles as well as radii of micelles and numbers of their aggregation are established. Effect of external and internal translational diffusion of molecules on lifetime of AB-14 molecules in micelles is investigated. © 2012 Elsevier B.V

Холодный эпизод около 8200 лет назад в Северной Европе: анализ эмпирических данных и возможных причин

Cold episode in Northern Europe happened about 8200 years ago was known for a relatively long time, mainly due to paleobotanical (palynological) data obtained from analysis of lake and peat sediments. Detailed analysis of ice cores from the Greenland holes GRIP, GISP2, and NGRIP with a time resolution of about 10 years made possible to refine the duration and characteristics of the time structure of this cold period. This cooling lasted for approximately 160 yr. Spore-pollen analysis of lake sediments in Northern Europe (Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Germany, the North and North-West of Russia) and deep-sea cores of the North Atlantic showed that the mean annual air temperature during the maximum stage of the cooling was reduced by 1–2 °C, and in some areas by more than 3 °C. The cold spread from the coast of the North Atlantic into the European continent and manifested itself mostly in Sweden, Finland, the Baltic States, and to a lesser extent in the North-West and West of the Russian Federation. In the central Russia and North of 70°N the cooling was weak or absent. The question about a nature of this cold event and other cold spells in Late Glaciation, known as the cold of the early, middle and late Dryas, is widely discussed in the scientific literature. Most of scientists accept a hypothesis proposed more than 20 years ago, that the reduction of air temperatures in regions immediately adjacent to the North Atlantic was caused by the large volume of melt water discharged into the ocean as a result of disintegration and melting of ice-sheets. Climate models that take into account these effects allow estimating a decrease in the air and sea surface temperature due to freshening (desalination) of the upper ocean layer, and this confirms that the greatest decrease in temperature should be observed in the regions directly adjacent to the ocean. The increase in global temperature over the last 30 years is estimated to be 0.8 ± 0.2 °C, which is already reflected in a noticeable increase in precipitation in high latitudes. In addition, the melting of mountain glaciers and sea ice in the Arctic basin promotes freshening of the upper ocean, and as a result of these processes one can expect a certain decrease in the air temperature in the high latitudes if the present-day climate warming will continue. On the basis of paleoclimatic data, it can be assumed that such a decrease in air temperature can be relatively small and occur only in areas directly adjacent to the North Atlantic.Уже более 20 лет в Северной Европе известен холодный эпизод около 8200 лет назад. Похолодание продолжалось около 160 лет, температуры воздуха снижались на 1–2 °С, а в отдельных районах – более чем на 3 °С. Предполагается, что снижение температур воздуха было связано с поступлением больших объёмов пресной воды в Северную Атлантику в результате распада и таяния ледников. Подобный механизм имеет прямое отношение к оценкам будущего климата при развитии современного глобального потепления. Поскольку таяние горных ледников и морских льдов в Полярном бассейне способствует опреснению верхнего слоя океана, при развитии потепления в районах, непосредственно прилегающих к Северной Атлантике, можно ожидать некоторого снижения температуры воздуха в высоких широтах

Морской лёд Арктического бассейна в свете современных и прошлых климатических изменений

Data from satellite observations (1979–2020) showed that over the last 40 years, years with a decrease in the area of summer ice extent and their thickness have prevail. Over 10 years, negative trends in anomalies of ice area and thickness of the ice are −13 and −15%, respectively. There is also a rapid reduction in the area of old ice (> 4 year-old): while in 1985 it was estimated at 2.7 million km2 while in March 2010 it was 0.34 million km2 . The paper analyses paleo-sea ice extent during the Holocene (the last 12,000 years) based on empirical biomarkers IP25 (a sea ice proxy with 25 carbon atoms synthesized by the specific Arctic sea ice diatoms Haslea spp. which have been proven to be a suitable proxy for paleo-sea ice reconstructions) obtained from deep-sea cores from the North Atlantic. The data obtained showed that during the warm periods of the Early and Middle Holocene, the area of summer sea ice was reduced to a minimum. This confirms the conclusion made earlier in [28] that the current trend of reducing the area and thickness of ice is unprecedented over the past 1,500 years. There is no complete analogue of the climate in the past corresponding to the current level of the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. The closest time interval in terms of CO2 content is the warming of the Middle Pliocene between 3 and 4 million years ago, when the CO2 content in the atmosphere was 450–500 ppm against approximately 420 ppm at present. Paleo-climate reconstructions for this period estimate the global temperature to be 3.0–3.5±0.5 °C higher than at the end of the 19th century. Summer air temperatures in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere exceeded the current ones by 8–10 °C, and the sea ice in the Arctic shelf seas was completely absent in the summer. Empirical data and model simulations have shown that presently the main driver of the reduction of the Arctic sea ice area is the increase in concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. At the present time old sea ice tends to be replaced by seasonal ice demonstrating natural shift from predominance of permanent ice to the ice-free Arctic. In case of continuous increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere despite the emission control measures, one of the scenarios, which had happened in the past, may come true.За период спутниковых наблюдений (1979–2020 гг.) происходит постоянное уменьшение площади летних льдов и их толщины со скоростью 13 и 15% за 10 лет соответственно. Отмечается быстрое сокращение площади льдов старше четырёх лет и увеличение площади однолетних льдов. Анализ данных о состоянии морских льдов в Арктике за голоцен, за тёплую стадию последнего межледниковья и середину плиоцена показал, что в тёплые эпохи прошлого площадь летних льдов сокращалась до минимальных значений. Эмпирические данные и результаты моделирования показывают, что в настоящее время запущен механизм замещения многолетних льдов сезонными, что является естественным состоянием перехода от этапа преобладания сезонных льдов к безлёдной Арктики. Основной драйвер современного сокращения морских льдов  – рост содержания СО2. Если концентрация СО2 в атмосфере будет увеличиваться, то может сработать один из сценариев, имевший место в прошлом

Современные подходы к системному лечению BRCA-ассоциированного трижды негативного рака молочной железы

BRCA-associated triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by high sensitivity to DNA-damaging cytotoxic drugs. The use of well-known BRCA1/2-specific antitumor agents – platinum derivatives and PARP inhibitors – has been discussed for a long time in the context of the treatment of metastatic BRCA-associated TNBC. Neoadjuvant regimens based on the use of anthracyclines and taxanes are the standard of drug therapy for primary BRCA-associated breast cancer. At present, there are few data regarding the addition of platinum drugs to anthracycline-taxane neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of primary BRCA-associated TNBC. This review details the various treatment options for both primary and metastatic BRCA-associated TNBC. It has been shown that the development of new strategies for the neoadjuvant chemotherapy of patients with primary BRCA-associated TNBC is an urgent clinical need to reduce the risks of recurrence and progression.BRCA-ассоциированный трижды негативный рак молочной железы (ТНРМЖ) характеризуется высокой чувствительностью к ДНК-повреждающим цитотоксическим препаратам. Применение известных BRCA1/2-специфических противоопухолевых средств – производных платины и PARP-ингибиторов – длительное время обсуждалось в контексте лечения метастатического BRCA-ассоциированного ТНРМЖ. Стандартом лекарственной терапии первичного BRCA-ассоциированного РМЖ является неоадъювантная химиотерапия с использованием антрациклинов и таксанов. В настоящее время имеется не так много данных о добавлении препаратов платины к антрациклин-таксановой неоадъювантной химиотерапии при лечении первичного BRCA-ассоциированного ТНРМЖ. В представленном обзоре подробно описаны различные способы терапии данного рака, как первичного, так и метастатического. Показано, что разработка новых стратегий неоадъювантной химиотерапии для пациенток с первичным BRCA-ассоциированным ТНРМЖ является насущной клинической необходимостью для снижения рисков рецидивирования и прогрессирования

Контрастная спектральная двухэнергетическая маммография – инструмент точной диагностики онкопатологии на фоне плотной ткани молочной железы

Introduction. Differential diagnosis of some pathological processes in the breast is difficult on the background of dense breast tissue. This often leads to false conclusions and to late diagnosis of breast cancer (BC) or unreasonable biopsy in a benign process. 50% of breast cancers detected less than 12 months after elective mammography were associated with high density of breast tissue. An important advantage of contrast enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) is that it does not depend on the size of the lesions and the X-ray density of the breast tissue. Objective. To compare the diagnostic performance of CESM and digital mammography (DM) in detection of breast cancer in a group of women with dense breast tissue.Materials and methods. The data of 438 patients with suspected breast cancer examined from August 2018 to January 2021 were analyzed in the study. The mean age of women was 50 ± 11 years (from 21 to 86 years). In the study group 154 (35%) malignant and 284 (65%) benign lesions were identified. All lesions were histologically verified. Breast tissue density corresponded to types A and B in 161 patients and corresponded to C and D types in 277 patients according to the ACR classification. 154 cases of breast cancer were identified, including 49 patients with density A and B and 105 patients with density C and D types.Results. Sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy of DM were 85.7%, 87.3%, 86.8%, respectively. Diagnostic performance of CESM significantly higher than of DM with sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 96.8% (p < 0.001), 93.3% (p = 0.015), 94.5% (p < 0.001), respectively. CESM had high positive and negative predictive values of 88.7% (p = 0.012) and 98.1% (p < 0.001), which exceeded those of DM – 78.6% and 91.9%, respectively. The diagnostic performance of DM and CESM were comparable in women with normal breast density (types A and B according to ACR), but in patients with high breast density (types C and D according to ACR), CESM was significantly more sensitive in detecting breast cancer.Conclusion. Thus, diagnostic efficiency of CESM in detecting breast cancer significantly higher in comparison with digital mammography.Введение. Дифференциальная диагностика патологических процессов в молочной железе (МЖ) на фоне повышенной маммографической плотности (МП) может быть затруднительной. Это нередко приводит к ложным заключениям и, соответственно, к длительному наблюдению при злокачественной опухоли или необоснованной биопсии при доброкачественном процессе. 50% случаев рака молочной железы (РМЖ), выявленных менее чем через 12 мес после “очередной” маммографии, были связаны с высокой МП. Важным достоинством контрастной двухэнергетической спектральной маммографии (КДСМ) является то, что ее информативность не зависит от размеров образований и МП.Цель исследования: сравнить общую диагностическую эффективность КДСМ и цифровой маммографии (МГ) в выявлении РМЖ у женщин с плотной МП.Материал и методы. В исследовании проанализированы данные 438 пациенток с подозрением на РМЖ. Средний возраст женщин составил 50 ± 11 лет. В исследуемой группе было выявлено 154 (35%) злокачественных и 284 (65%) доброкачественных образования. Была проведена гистологическая верификация всех выявленных образований. У 161 пациентки МП соответствовала ACR А- и В-типам, а у 277 пациенток МП – C- и D-типам согласно классификации ACR. Всего выявлено 154 случая РМЖ, из них у 49 больных МП была ACR А- и В-типов и у 105 пациенток – ACR C- и D-типов.Результаты. При анализе полученных данных чувствительность, специфичность и общая точность МГ составили 85,7, 87,3, 86,8% соответственно. При КДСМ эти показатели достоверно превышали показатели МГ и составили 96,8% (р < 0,001), 93,3% (р = 0,015), 94,5% (р < 0,001) соответственно. КДСМ отличалась высокими показателями прогностической точности положительных и отрицательных результатов – 88,7% (р = 0,012) и 98,1% (р < 0,001), которые превышали таковые при МГ – 78,6 и 91,9% соответственно. Установлено, что диагностические показатели при МГ и КДСМ были сопоставимы у женщин с низкой плотностью МЖ, но у пациентов с высокой плотностью КДСМ была значительно более чувствительной в выявлении РМЖ.Заключение. Таким образом, диагностическая эффективность КДСМ в выявлении рака молочной железы достоверно выше по сравнению с цифровой маммографией