sj-docx-1-ejo-10.1177_11206721241238878 - Supplemental material for Burdens and trends of blindness and vision loss among those aged 55 years and older: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-ejo-10.1177_11206721241238878 for Burdens and trends of blindness and vision loss among those aged 55 years and older: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 by Congling Zhao, Qiang Ding and Zhikuan Yang in European Journal of Ophthalmology</p

Presentation_1_Myopia and axial length in school-aged children before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown–A population-based study.ZIP

BackgroundMyopic shift had been observed during the COVID-19 lockdown in young school children. It remains unknown whether myopic shift is accompanied with increase in axial length. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on myopia and axial length of school children in China by comparing them before, during and after the lockdown.MethodsIn this population-based cross-sectional study, school-based myopia screenings were conducted in the Fall of 2019, 2020, and 2021 (representing before, during and after COVID-19 lockdown respectively) in Chengdu, China. Myopia screenings were performed on 83,132 students aged 6 to 12 years. Non-cycloplegic refractive error was examined using NIDEK auto-refractor (ARK-510A; NIDEK Corp., Tokyo, Japan) and axial length was measured using AL-Scan (NIDEK Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Spherical equivalent (SER, calculated as sphere+ 0.5*cylinder), prevalence of myopia (SER ≤ -0.50 D), and axial length were compared across 3 years stratified by age.ResultsMyopia prevalence rate was 45.0% (95% CI: 44.6–45.5%) in 2019, 48.7% (95% CI: 48.3–49.1%) in 2020, and 47.5% (95% CI: 47.1–47.9%) in 2021 (p ConclusionsThe COVID-19 lockdown had significant impact on myopia development and axial length, and these impacts remained 1 year after the lockdown. Further longitudinal studies following-up with these students are needed to help understand the long-term effects of COVID-19 lockdown on myopia.</p

Astigmatism before and after cycloplegia.

<p>Astigmatism before and after cycloplegia.</p

Proportion of the three types of axis relationships between CA and ORA in different levels of TA.

<p>On-axis: axis difference between the ORA and CA of 0 ± 10°, opposite-axis: axis difference of 90 ± 10°, with the remaining considered as oblique-axis.</p

Table_1_Myopia and axial length in school-aged children before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown–A population-based study.DOCX

BackgroundMyopic shift had been observed during the COVID-19 lockdown in young school children. It remains unknown whether myopic shift is accompanied with increase in axial length. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on myopia and axial length of school children in China by comparing them before, during and after the lockdown.MethodsIn this population-based cross-sectional study, school-based myopia screenings were conducted in the Fall of 2019, 2020, and 2021 (representing before, during and after COVID-19 lockdown respectively) in Chengdu, China. Myopia screenings were performed on 83,132 students aged 6 to 12 years. Non-cycloplegic refractive error was examined using NIDEK auto-refractor (ARK-510A; NIDEK Corp., Tokyo, Japan) and axial length was measured using AL-Scan (NIDEK Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Spherical equivalent (SER, calculated as sphere+ 0.5*cylinder), prevalence of myopia (SER ≤ -0.50 D), and axial length were compared across 3 years stratified by age.ResultsMyopia prevalence rate was 45.0% (95% CI: 44.6–45.5%) in 2019, 48.7% (95% CI: 48.3–49.1%) in 2020, and 47.5% (95% CI: 47.1–47.9%) in 2021 (p ConclusionsThe COVID-19 lockdown had significant impact on myopia development and axial length, and these impacts remained 1 year after the lockdown. Further longitudinal studies following-up with these students are needed to help understand the long-term effects of COVID-19 lockdown on myopia.</p

Percentage of different types of axes of astigmatism greater than or equally 1.00D.

<p>Percentage of different types of axes of astigmatism greater than or equally 1.00D.</p

Spherical Equivalent (SE) in Right Eyes Determined by Autorefraction and Retinoscopy.

<p>Spherical Equivalent (SE) in Right Eyes Determined by Autorefraction and Retinoscopy.</p

Comparison of demographic factors in respect to the relative level of ORA and CA.

<p>Comparison of demographic factors in respect to the relative level of ORA and CA.</p

The axis relationship between ocular residual and corneal astigmatism.

<p>The axis relationship between ocular residual and corneal astigmatism.</p

Mean Cylinder Power and Prevalence of Astigmatism in the Worse Eye Determined by Autorefraction.

<p>Mean Cylinder Power and Prevalence of Astigmatism in the Worse Eye Determined by Autorefraction.</p