Development and validation of the social media perception scale for preservice physical education teachers

Background: Social media has become a mainstay of preservice physical education teachers’ professional development. However, previous studies have been dominated by qualitative research, and there is still a lack of quantitative research based on samples from eastern countries. The objective of this study is to develop and validate of the Social Media Perception Scale for Preservice Physical Education teachers (SMPS-PPE).Method: Items of questionnaire created from 70 concepts of the perception model described in our previous study. Questionnaire survey was used to collect quantitative data from a sample of 977 preservice physical education teachers through surveys. We analyzed the data using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0, conducting item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to examine the data.Results: SMPS-PPE consists of 26 items grouped into three factors: value perception, risk perception, and overall perception. Our findings indicate that SMPS-PPE has acceptable content validity, internal structure validity, and internal consistency.Conclusion: SMPS-PPE is a reliable and valid measurement to evaluate social media perception among preservice physical education teachers. Future studies should include larger and more diverse teacher samples to enhance generalizability. The SMPS-PPE should also be modified to better cater to the specific requirements of school teachers and university-based teacher educators in the field of physical education.</p

Model construction of Chinese preservice physical education teachers’ perception of social media: A grounded theory approach

(1) Background: Pre-service physical education teachers commonly embrace social media for multiple purposes. However, little is known about their perception of social media, which could affect the appropriate use of social media in their future professional work. This study aims to explore a theoretical model of how pre-service physical education teachers perceive social media in order to provide a basis for educators to guide their appropriate use of social media. (2) Methods: Qualitative data were collected in diverse ways, mainly from interviews. Seventeen Chinese preservice physical education teachers were selected as participants by a purposive sampling technique. The interview questions focused on participants’ motivation, expectations, and experiences in social media usage. Grounded theory was used to analyze the data by ROST CM and Nvivo 12. (3) Results: The perception of social media among teachers includes three subsidiary categories made up of 10 sub-categories, 70 concepts, and 307 labels. The three categories are (a) value perception, including the perspective of intelligent function, interaction, and rich information, (b) risk perception, involving psychological risk, information risk and privacy risk and (c) overall perception, like development trends, current status and basic elements. (4) Conclusions: Chinese preservice physical education teachers perceive social media as having similarities and differences compared to other countries. Future research should consider a large sample survey to revise and verify the initial exploration of perception and study diverse groups of teachers’ perceptions of social media.</p

Association between XRCC1 Arg399Gln and risk of head and neck cancer under four genetic models.

<p>Forest plots for a: Gln vs. Arg; b: GlnGln vs. ArgArg; c: ArgGln vs. ArgArg; d: GlnGln+ ArgGln vs. ArgArg. Random-effects models were used for c and d; fixed-effects models were used for a and b. Squares and horizontal lines represent the study-specific OR and 95% CI respectively; diamond indicates the summary OR and 95% CI.</p

Flowchart of the process used for selection of eligible studies.

<p>Flowchart of the process used for selection of eligible studies.</p

Genotype frequencies of the TERT and CLPTM1L polymorphisms among lung cancer cases and controls and their associations with risk of lung cancer.

a<p>All the individuals were non-smoking women.</p>b<p>Adjusted by age.</p>c<p>Allelic ORs.</p>d<p>0 group, TERT CC genotype and CLPTM1L TT genotype;1 group, TERT CC genotype and CLPTM1L variant genotypes or CLPTM1L TT genotype and TERT variant genotypes; 2 group, TERT variant genotypes and CLPTM1L variant genotypes.</p

Distribution of ATM rs189037 genotypes and ORs for lung cancer cases and controls.

<p>*P<0.05.</p>a<p>GA+AA vs GG.</p>b<p>AA vs GA+GG.</p>c<p>adjusted for age and data were calculated by unconditional logistic regression.</p

Basic demographic data and environmental risk factor in lung adenocarcinoma cases and controls.

<p>^*P<0.05.</p>a<p>Student's t-test was used to compare the frequency distribution of demographic variables between the cases and controls.</p>b<p>Peason's chi square was used to compare the frequency distribution of demographic variables, fuel smoke exposure, cooking oil fume exposure, family history of cancer, passive smoking between the cases and controls.</p

Characteristics of the Studies about the XRCC1 Arg280His polymorphism (rs25489) Included in the Meta-analysis.

a<p>HB: Hospital based;</p>b<p>PB: Population based;</p>c<p>HWE: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in controls;</p>d<p>MAF: Minor allele frequency in controls.</p

Stratified analyses of the association of the XRCC1 Arg194Trp (rs1799782), XRCC1 Arg399Gln (rs25487), and XRCC1 Arg280His (rs25489) polymorphisms with HNC risk.

a<p>Number of comparisons;</p>b<p>P-value for Q-test;</p>c<p>The random-effects model was used when the P-value for the Q-test for heterogeneity was <0.05, otherwise the fixed-effects model was used.</p>*<p>Statistically significant, P<0.05.</p

Association between XRCC1 Arg194Trp and risk of head and neck cancer under four genetic models.

<p>Forest plots for a: Trp vs. Arg; b: TrpTrp vs. ArgArg; c: ArgTrp vs. ArgArg; d: TrpTrp+ ArgTrp vs. ArgArg. Random-effects models were used for a, c, and d; a fixed-effects model was used for b. Squares and horizontal lines represent the study-specific OR and 95% CI respectively; diamond indicates the summary OR and 95% CI.</p