Morphological characters of <i>Epicephala</i> female genitalia.

<p>(A) <i>E. lativalvaris</i> with spine-shaped apex. (B) <i>E. mirivalvata</i> with blunt apex. (o) ovipositor. (a) antrum. (db) ductus bursae. (cb) corpus bursae.</p

Maximum-parsimonious (left) and maximum-likelihood (right) trees based on <i>matK</i> genes of 22 Phyllantheae

<p><b>plant species.</b> (A) The maximum-parsimonious tree of Phyllantheae plants (length, 179; CI = 0.933; RI = 0.985). (B) The maximum-likelihood tree of Phyllantheae plants (-ln likelihood = 2922.8917; transition/transversion ratio  = 2; empirical frequencies: A = 0.30688, C = 0.16491, G = 0.15206, T = 0.37615). Numbers above branches are bootstrap values. Red branches refer to the species involved in this study.</p

Maximum-parsimonious (left) and maximum-likelihood (right) trees based on <i>COI</i> genes of 19 <i>Epicephala</i> moths species.

<p>(A) The maximum-parsimonious tree of <i>Epicephala</i> moths (length, 486; CI = 0.519; RI = 0.518). (B) The maximum-likelihood tree of <i>Epicephala</i> moths (-ln likelihood = 1628.20777; transition/transversion ratio  = 2; empirical frequencies: A = 0.29923, C = 0.16930, G = 0.14101, T = 0.39046). Numbers above branches are bootstrap values. Red branches refer to the species involved in this study.</p

Behavior of female <i>Epicephala</i> moths.

<p><i>Epicephala lativalvaris</i> collecting pollen grains on male flower of <i>Breynia fruticosa</i> (A) and actively pollinating for <i>Breynia fruticosa</i> (B) and <i>B. rostrata</i> (C). <i>E. lativalvaris</i> inserting ovipositor through calyx lobe and ovary to lay eggs on <i>B. fruticosa</i> (D) and <i>B. rostrata</i> (E). (F) Egg of <i>E. lativalvaris</i>. <i>E. mirivalvata</i> laying eggs between ovary and calyx lobe on <i>B. fruticosa</i> (G) and <i>B. rostrata</i> (H). (I) Egg of <i>E. mirivalvata</i>. (e) egg.</p

Flowers and fruits of <i>Breynia</i> plants.

<p>Male flowers of <i>B. fruticosa</i> (A) and <i>B. rostrata</i> (B) with stamens concealed in calyxe which can be visited by <i>Epicephala</i> moths only. Female flowers (C) and fruit (D) of <i>B. fruticosa</i> with excurved stigmas and discal calyx sepals. Female flowers (E) and fruit (F) of <i>B. rostrata</i> with stigmas erect and reflexed calyx sepals. (cs) calyx sepals. (s) stigma.</p

Female flowers and fruits with double characters of <i>Breynia</i> plants.

<p>Female flowers (A) and fruits (B) with erect stigmas and flat calyx sepals. Female flowers (C) and fruits (D) with excurved stigmas and reflexed calyx sepals. (cs) calyx sepals. (s) stigma.</p

DataSheet_1_Linkages between stomatal density and minor leaf vein density across different altitudes and growth forms.docx

Water supply and demand in leaves are primarily determined by stomatal density (SD, water demand) and minor leaf vein density (VLA, water supply). Thus, covariation between them is essential for maintaining water balance. However, there is debate over whether these two traits vary in a coordinated way. Here, we gathered SD and VLA data from 194 species over four altitudinal gradients, and investigated their relationships across all species, growth forms, and different altitudes. Our findings demonstrated that SD and VLA were positively associated across all species, independent on plant phylogeny. Moreover, the reliability of this SD-VLA relationship increased with altitudes. Although the stomatal number per minor vein length (SV) remained stable across different altitudes and growth forms, the positive SD-VLA relationship was found only in shrubs and herbs, but not in trees. Differently, a strong coordination between total stomatal number and total leaf vein length was observed across all species, trees, shrubs and herbs. These findings suggested that coordinating stomatal number and minor vein length within one leaf, rather than stomatal and vein density, may be a common choice of plants in the fluctuating environment. Therefore, to explore the relationship between total number of stomata and total length of leaf veins seems to better reflect the linkage between stomata and leaf veins, especially when covering different growth forms.</p

Application technology of the sex pheromone of the tea geometrid <i>Ectropis grisescens</i> (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

<p>The sex pheromone of <i>Ectropis grisescens</i>, one of the primary defoliator insects of tea plantations, has been identified, but its trapping parameters have not been optimized for field application. In this study, we investigated the effects of pheromone dose, trap height and trap type on the effectiveness of trapping <i>E. grisescens</i> in the field. Our results show that the optimal pheromone dose is 800 μg. The bucket-funnel trap hung 40 cm below the tea canopy had the highest trapping efficiency. This study establishes optimized parameters for the pheromone trapping of <i>E. grisescens</i> in tea plantations.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Dietary spirulina supplementation modifies rumen development, fermentation and bacteria composition in Hu sheep when consuming high-fat dietary.docx

IntroductionThis study aims to investigate the long-term effects of spirulina supplementation in a high-fat diet (HFD) on rumen morphology, rumen fermentation, and the composition of rumen microbiota in lambs. Spirulina is a blue-green microalgae that has been shown to have high nutritional value for livestock.MethodsFifty-four lambs were randomly divided into three groups: a normal chow diet (NCD) group, a high-fat diet (HFD) group, and a high-fat diet supplemented with 3% spirulina (HFD+S) group. Rumen morphology, rumen fermentation, and rumen microbiota were analyzed at the end of the study.ResultsSpirulina supplementation improved the concentration of volatile fatty acids and rumen papilla length. Additionally, there was a tendency for an increase in rumen weight and an upregulation of the genes Claudin-1, Claudin-4, and Occludin in the HFD+S group. Pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene also showed that spirulina supplementation significantly changed the rumen microbiota composition in the HFD group, with a decrease in richness and diversity. Specifically, the relative abundance of Prevotella 9 and Megasphaera was significantly increased in the HFD group compared to the NCD group, while spirulina supplementation reversed these changes.DiscussionThis study suggests that 3% spirulina supplementation can improve rumen development and fermentation, and effectively relieve rumen microbe disorders in lambs caused by a high-fat diet. However, further research is needed to confirm the findings and to examine the long-term effects of spirulina supplementation in different types of livestock and under different dietary conditions.</p

Natural genetic variation in selected mtDNA regulatory elements.

<p>The columns represent the number of times that mutation events (change) occurred in a given nucleotide position.</p>*<p>represents fixed changes - mutations that were represented in more than 5 different mtDNA sequences belonging to the same phylogenetic branch (lineage, haplogroup). Letters within the ‘Fixation events’ column correspond to distinct human mtDNA haplogroups.</p