Field Survey of the Mchod Rten at the Sku\u27bum Temple in Qinghai Province

The Ta\u27er Temple (Tibetan: "sku\u27bum byams pa gling") is the birthplace of master Tsongkhapa, a founder of the Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism, which was also one of the six major temples of the Gelug Sect. Master Tsongkhapa\u27s mother built a lotus mchod rten, the predecessor of the Ta\u27er Monastery, about 600 years ago. The Ta\u27er Temple (Chinese: Taer-si) is a Chinese name. After master Tsongkhapa\u27s mother built the lotus mchod rten, which was known as the Bodhi Silver Mchod Rten, Renqin Zongzhe extended the Maitreya Buddha Temple there. For regarding the Buddhist mchod rten and Buddhist temple, the local people called the buildings as "Ta\u27er Monastery." This article is going to basic on a prospection of cultural interaction to illuminate the history of the stupas in the Ta\u27er Temple. First, this article focuses on the lotus mchod rten and its transformation. Then, examine the style between the origination of the temple and spiritual mchod rten. Lastly, summarize the approximate building year and building style of the Street mchod rten and Eight Stupa in the Ta\u27er Temple.中谷伸生教授古稀記念

Improved mechanical and electrical properties in electrospun polyimide/multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanofibrous composites

Highly aligned polyimide (PI) and PI/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PI/MWCNTs) nanofibrous composites by incorporating poly(ethylene oxide) as the dispersing medium were fabricated using electrospinning technique. The morphology, mechanical, and electrical properties of the electrospun nanofibrous composites were investigated. Scanning electron microscope showed that the functionalized MWCNTs (f-MWCNTs) were well dispersed and oriented along the nanofiber axis. Analysis of electrical properties indicated a remarkable improvement on the alternating current conductivity by introduction of the aligned f-MWCNTs. Besides, with addition of 3 vol.% f-MWCNTs, the obvious enhancement of tensile modulus and strength was achieved. Thus, the electrospun PI/MWCNTs nanofibrous composites have great potential applications in multifunctional engineering materials

チョルテン信仰と文化交渉 : チベットアムド地域を中心として [全文の要約]

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A study on the development of stupa during Tibet empire and development of mchod rten

Throughout the era of the Tibetan Empire, Buddhism entered, and spread throughout, Tibet on an unprecedented scale. Many scholars attribute this phenomenon to King Sringbtsan Sgampo, who not only unified the country, but was also instrumental in creating a writing system; moreover, he started bilateral political and economic relationships with Tang and other neighboring countries. This created a remarkable cultural exchange between and among the peoples representing those groups. This in effect laid the foundations for Buddhism to spread all over Asia. Stupa is variously known as Tibean stupa, Tibetan Buddhism stupa, Lama stupa, White stupa, and so on ; in Sanskrit, it is called "窣堵坡" (stupa)。 In the Tibetan language, it is referred to as Mchod-rten. Mchod, in Tibetan, means to offer or make offerings; rten signifies multiples things, such as to pledge, to depend on, etc. Thus, in the Tibetan tongue, Mthod-rtend indicates an object to which one makes offerings in order to pledge one‘s devotion. Buddhist statues, scripture and stupa represent the Buddha‘s physical body, his teachings and his blessings respectively. The origin of the erection of stupa can be traced back to India. However, almost contemporaneous with this, the native religion of Tibet Bon also had stupa made of stone and clay. Over the years that followed Buddhism\u27s introduction to Tibetan culture and society, the two co-existing traditions have influenced each other significantly and such is the result of Tibetan stupa. This paper attempts to peer through the lens of this co-existence in order to analyze the mutual development of India-originated stupa and Bon religion stupa. Starting from a simple introduction to Bon stupa, then to how India-originated stupa developed in Tibet, and finally how during the Tibetan Empire, Tibetan stupa came into being東アジアの思想と構造 (East Asian Thought and Structure

An Investigation of the Buddhist Architecture and Chorten in White Tower Hill, Lanzhou

There are many religious buildings in White Tower Hill in Lanzhou. The author read the related historical records and found that the White Chorten Temple was built the earliest, and it was rebuilt during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Other religious buildings were also built successively during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The overall development of White Tower Hill is closely related to the construction of religious buildings.陶徳民教授古稀記念

Towards universal health coverage: achievements and challenges of 10 years of healthcare reform in China.

Universal health coverage (UHC) has been identified as a priority for the global health agenda. In 2009, the Chinese government launched a new round of healthcare reform towards UHC, aiming to provide universal coverage of basic healthcare by the end of 2020. We conducted a secondary data analysis and combined it with a literature review, analysing the overview of UHC in China with regard to financial protection, coverage of health services and the reported coverage of the WHO and the World Bank UHC indicators. The results include the following: out-of-pocket expenditures as a percentage of current health expenditures in China have dropped dramatically from 60.13% in 2000 to 35.91% in 2016; the health insurance coverage of the total population jumped from 22.1% in 2003 to 95.1% in 2013; the average life expectancy increased from 72.0 to 76.4, maternal mortality dropped from 59 to 29 per 100 000 live births, the under-5 mortality rate dropped from 36.8 to 9.3 per 1000 live births, and neonatal mortality dropped from 21.4 to 4.7 per 1000 live births between 2000 and 2017; and so on. Our findings show that while China appears to be well on the path to UHC, there are identifiable gaps in service quality and a requirement for ongoing strengthening of financial protections. Some of the key challenges remain to be faced, such as the fragmented and inequitable health delivery system, and the increasing demand for high-quality and value-based service delivery. Given that China has committed to achieving UHC and 'Healthy China 2030', the evidence from this study can be suggestive of furthering on in the UHC journey and taking the policy steps necessary to secure change

チョルテン信仰と文化交渉 : チベットアムド地域を中心として [論文要旨及び審査の要旨]

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An Outline of Tibetan Budhist Pagodas as influenced by Bonnism

The first pagodas were erected in India. In Tibet even before the introduction of Buddhism, stone and clay pagodas were evident. Once Buddhism has spread to Tibet two prime religions have united. These were Indian Buddhism and Tibetan Bonnism. Bonnism is one of the primitive religions in Tibet. As a result of this merger Tibetan style pagoda (chorten) has been erected. It can be inferred that Tibetan pagoda is the combination of elements from both Buddhism and Bonnism. It is highly symbolic of Tibetan culture, and is characterized by the unique architectural form of Tibetan Buddhism features. In my opinion the religion and the architecture have a mysterious bearing on research. In other words we need to consider the Tibetan Pagoda together with each element and symbol of its structure. The cultural impact of Tibetan Pagoda will be presented in the final conclusion of this essay

Towards universal health coverage: lessons from 10 years of healthcare reform in China.

Universal health coverage (UHC) is driving the global health agenda. Many countries have embarked on national policy reforms towards this goal, including China. In 2009, the Chinese government launched a new round of healthcare reform towards UHC, aiming to provide universal coverage of basic healthcare by the end of 2020. The year of 2019 marks the 10th anniversary of China's most recent healthcare reform. Sharing China's experience is especially timely for other countries pursuing reforms to achieve UHC. This study describes the social, economic and health context in China, and then reviews the overall progress of healthcare reform (1949 to present), with a focus on the most recent (2009) round of healthcare reform. The study comprehensively analyses key reform initiatives and major achievements according to four aspects: health insurance system, drug supply and security system, medical service system and public health service system. Lessons learnt from China may have important implications for other nations, including continued political support, increased health financing and a strong primary healthcare system as basis