Several rounds of amplifications of MITE families <i>in N</i>. <i>bombycis</i>.

<p>(A) The distribution profile of genetic distance for copies of MITE families. X-axis represents the interval of genetic distance; Y-axis represents the numbers of any pairwise copies. (B) The tree diagram for the copies of <i>Nbh2</i> families with neighbor-joining (NJ) method.</p

MITE-derived small RNAs in <i>Nosema bombycis</i>.

<p>(A) Length distribution of small RNAs generated by MITE sequences. (B) Density (sense, black; antisense, red) of small RNA tags assigned to MITE sequences. Frequency is shown along the Y-axis. Relative nucleotide position within the consensus sequence is indicated along the X-axis.</p

Presence/absence of MITEs polymorphisms in four geographical strains of <i>N</i>. <i>bombycis</i>.

<p>(A) The product of <i>NbS3</i>-inserted PCR amplification in four strains, SD1 and SD2 represent one pair of segmental duplication in <i>N</i>. <i>bombycis</i>. (B) The product of <i>NbS24</i>-inserted PCR amplification in three strains and the illustration. M, DNA marker, CQ1: Chongqing isolate, YN: Yunnan isolate, GD: Guangdong isolate, GX: Guangxi isolate. Black arrowhead: MITE-inserted PCR-amplified products. Gray arrowheads: PCR-amplified product without MITEs insertion. Rectangular arrowheads: genes in the syntenic region among several <i>N</i>. <i>bombycis</i> isolates and <i>N</i>. <i>antheraeae</i>. Same color rectangles correspond to homologous genes.</p

Venn diagram comparing the genes of three species of microsporidia.

<p>The number of homologous genes and species-specific genes among <i>Nosema</i> sp. YNPr, <i>Nosema ceranae</i> and <i>Nosema apis</i> are shown.</p

Noncoding regions of selected <i>Nosema</i> sp. YNPr genes.

<p>A. Putative regulatory C-rich motif in the region upstream of the start codon in <i>Nosema</i> sp. YNPr. B. Comparison of the regions flanking the introns for five <i>Nosema</i> sp. YNPr genes.</p

Images of host and parasite.

<p>A. Micrograph of the adult of <i>Pieris rapae</i> Linne. B. Spores of <i>Nosema</i> sp. YNPr at 400X.</p

Comparison of CDS size between <i>Nosema</i> sp. YNPr and two other microsporidia.

<p>A. Degrees of reduction in length of <i>Nosema</i> sp. YNPr (Np) CDS relative to those of <i>N</i>. <i>ceranae</i> (Nc). X-axis value is expressed as percentage: 100 (Nc CDS length–Np CDS length)/(Nc CDS length). B. Degrees of reduction in length of <i>Nosema</i> sp. YNPr CDS relative to those of <i>E</i>.<i>cuniculi</i> (Ec). X-axis value is expressed as percentage: 100 (Ec CDS length–Np CDS length)/(Ec protein length). The positive classes representative of shorter <i>Nosema</i> sp.YNPr CDS are in grey. C. Two cases showing the signal peptide deletions in <i>Nosema</i> sp. YNPr relative to those of <i>N</i>. <i>ceranae</i>.</p

Transposon types in three <i>Nosema</i> species.

<p>Transposon types in three <i>Nosema</i> species.</p

Comparison of coding sequence (CDS) numbers based on COG annotation and protease class among <i>Nosema</i> sp. YNPr, <i>N</i>. <i>ceranae</i> and <i>N</i>. <i>apis</i>.

<p>Black arrows indicate gene function categories for which <i>Nosema sp</i>. YNPr and <i>N</i>. <i>ceranae</i> differ in number of coding sequences from <i>N</i>. <i>apis</i>. A: RNA processing and modification; B: Chromatin structure and dynamics; C: Energy production and conversion; D: Cell cycle control, cell division, chromosome partitioning; E: Amino acid transport and metabolism; F: Nucleotide transport and metabolism; G: Carbohydrate transport and metabolism; H: Coenzyme transport and metabolism; I: Lipid transport and metabolism; J: Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis; K: Transcription; L: Replication, recombination and repair; M: Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis; N: Cell motility; O: Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones; P: Inorganic ion transport and metabolism; Q: Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism; R: General function prediction only; S: Function unknown; T: Signal transduction mechanisms; U: Intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport; V: Defense mechanisms; W: Extracellular structures.</p

The evolution of microsporidia at the genome level.

<p>The maximum likelihood phylogeny of 12 microsporidia species based on a concatenation of common orthologous genes.</p