An effective method and pathways of acrylonitrile degradation to acrylic acid through an alkaline hydrothermal system

<p>Degradation of pollution for specific chemicals represents an optimal approach to high-strength wastewater treatment. One-pot selective conversion of acrylonitrile to acrylic acid in a hydrothermal system with NaOH as a catalyst was carried out. The influence factors were evaluated, including initial acrylonitrile concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time and amount of alkali. Experimental results showed that the highest yield of acrylic acid (55%) was obtained at the initial acrylonitrile concentration of 3 × 10³ mg/L, 300°C for 90 s with 1.0 M NaOH. To determine the reaction path, intermediates analysis and calculation of carbon and nitrogen balance were carried out by means of HPLC, GC and TOC/TN methods. Two probable reaction pathways were proposed as follows: (1) Acrylonitrile was hydrolyzed into acrylamide, and acrylic acid was obtained via further hydrolysis. (2) Acrylonitrile was converted into 3-hydroxy-propionitrile via additive reaction, and this product was readily converted to 3-hydroxy-propionic acid through two steps of hydrolysis, followed by dehydration reaction to produce acrylic acid. This study offered not only an efficient method to transfer highly toxic pollutants into valuable chemical, but also a better understanding of hydrothermal alkali catalytic reaction.</p

The Effect of Catalytic Structure Modification on Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol into 1,3-Propanediol over Platinum Nanoparticles and Ordered Mesoporous Alumina Assembled Catalysts

To increase the Brønsted acid sites and the dispersion of Pt, and decrease the loss of Pt during reuse, a structurally modified PtNPs-HSiW/mAl₂O₃ catalyst was synthesized by assembling platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) into ordered mesoporous alumina. N₂ adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy showed that PtNPs-HSiW/mAl₂O₃ exhibited a significantly different structure from impregnated Pt-HSiW/γ-Al₂O₃: short-range ordered mesopores, large surface area, and special structure where PtNPs were assembled in the mesopores of alumina. Further pyridine-IR, CO adsorption, and inductively coupled plasma analyses showed that with the structural modification, the Brønsted acidity increased from 12.0 to 30.3 μmol/g, the Pt dispersion increased from 15.0 to 35.4%, and the loss of Pt decreased from 4.54 to 0.59 wt % during reuse. Finally, PtNPs-HSiW/mAl₂O₃ exhibited a 13.8% higher 1,3-PDO selectivity and more stable yields over reuse than Pt-HSiW/γ-Al₂O₃. It provided a reference that structural modification influences 1,3-PDO production by altering Brønsted acidity, Pt dispersion, and loss of Pt during reuse

Effect of estradiol and/or progesterone on TFV-DP levels in CD4⁺ T cells from FRT and blood.

<p>TFV-DP levels were measured by LC-MS/MS in purified FRT and blood CD4⁺ T cells treated with TFV (1 mg/ml) and either estradiol (5×10⁻⁸ M), progesterone (1×10⁻⁷ M), or the combination for 24 hr. Values are expressed as fmol/million cells in (A) EM CD4⁺ T cells (patient number 6319). The Bars represent mean and SEM from triplicate cultures. Data were normalized to % of control values from (B) FRT CD4⁺ T cells (n = 4–6) and (C) blood CD4⁺ T cells (n = 3–4). Dashed line indicates an assigned value of 100. Each circle or triangle represents a different patient or blood donor. Dark circles indicate (B) EM CD4⁺ T cells or (C) blood CD4⁺ T cells. Open circles indicate CX CD4⁺ T cells and triangles indicate ECX CD4⁺ T cells. The mean and SEM are shown. *, p<0.05, **, p<0.01, ***, p<0.001.</p

TFV-DP levels in epithelial cells FRT endometrium, endocervix and ectocervix tissue.

<p>TFV-DP levels were measured by LC-MS/MS in purified cultures of EM (n = 4), CX (n = 7) and ECX (n = 3) epithelial cells treated with TFV (1 mg/ml) for 24 hr. Each circle represents an individual patient. Values are expressed as fmol/million cells. The mean and SEM are shown. *, p<0.05.</p

Blood CD4⁺ T cells and endometrial epithelial cells and fibroblasts metabolize TFV to TFV-DP.

<p>TFV-DP levels were measured by LC-MS/MS in increasing numbers of purified blood CD4⁺ T cells (A and B) and EM epithelial cells (C) and fibroblasts (D) treated with indicated dose of TFV for 24 hr. Bars represent mean and SEM from triplicate cultures. Values are expressed as fmol per ml in (A) and fmol/million cells in (B, C and D).</p

Comparison of TFV-DP levels in epithelial cells, fibroblasts, CD14⁺ cells and CD4⁺ T cells from FRT tissues.

<p>TFV-DP levels were measured by LC-MS/MS in purified cultures of epithelial cells (n = 14), fibroblasts (n = 6), CD14⁺ cells (n = 4) and CD4⁺ T cells (n = 8) from FRT tissues as well as monocyte-derived macrophages (n = 2) and CD4⁺ T cells (n = 4) from blood treated with TFV (1 mg/ml) for 24 hr. Each circle represents FRT cells from an individual patient or blood cells from different female donors. Values are expressed as fmol/million cells. The mean and SEM are shown. *, p<0.05, **, p<0.01, ***, p<0.001.</p

Dose-dependent effects of Tenofovir on the expression of nucleotidase genes in macrophages.

<p>Monocyte-derived macrophages were treated with different concentrations of TFV (1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.01, 0.01 and 0.001 mg/ml) for 2, 12 and 24hr. RNA was isolated and RT-PCR was performed to compare the levels of mRNA of NT5E and NT5M with different concentration of tenofovir at different time points. mRNA was expressed as a fold change over untreated samples (assigned a value of 1). Bars represent mean ± SEM from 4 separate experiments with different donors. *P<0.05 **P<0.01. (<b>A</b>) Macrophage expression of ecto-5’-nucleotidase (NT5E) gene in presence of different concentrations of tenofovir at 2, 12 and 24hr. (<b>B</b>) Macrophage expression of mitochondrial 5’(3’)-deoxyribonucleotidase gene (NT5M) in presence of different concentrations of tenofovir at 2, 12 and 24hr. </p

Interaction Effects between the Main Components of Protein-Rich Biomass during Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis

The interaction effects between the main components (proteins (P), carbohydrates (C), and lipids (L)) of protein-rich biomass during microwave-assisted pyrolysis were investigated in depth with an exploration of individual pyrolysis and copyrolysis (PC, PL, and CL) of model compounds. The average heating rate of P was higher than those of C and L, and the interactions in all copyrolysis groups reduced the max instant heating rate. The synergistic extent (S) of PC and PL for bio-oil yield was 16.78 and 18.24%, respectively, indicating that the interactions promoted the production of bio-oil. Besides, all of the copyrolysis groups exhibited a synergistic effect on biochar production (S = 19.43–28.24%), while inhibiting the gas generation, with S ranging from −20.17 to −6.09%. Regarding the gaseous products, apart from H2, P, C, and L primarily generated CO2, CO, and CH4, respectively. Regarding bio-oil composition, the interactions occurring within PC, PL, and CL exhibited a significantly synergistic effect (S = 47.81–412.96%) on the formation of N-heterocyclics/amides, amides/nitriles, and acids/esters, respectively. Finally, the favorable applicability of the proposed interaction effects was verified with microalgae. This study offers valuable insights for understanding the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of protein-rich biomass, laying the groundwork for further research and process optimization

Effect of estradiol and/or progesterone on TFV-DP levels in epithelial cells from endometrium, endocervix and ectocervix.

<p>TFV-DP levels were measured by LC-MS/MS in polarized cultures of FRT epithelial cells treated with TFV (1 mg/ml) and estradiol (5×10⁻⁸ M), progesterone (1×10⁻⁷ M), either alone or the combination for 24 hr. Data were normalized to % of control values from (A) EM epithelial cells (n = 4–5) and (B) CX/ECX epithelial cells (n = 3–8). Dashed line indicates an assigned value of 100. Each circle represents a different patient. Dark circles indicate (A) EM epithelial cells and (B) CX epithelial cells. Open circles indicate ECX epithelial cells. The mean and SEM are shown. *, p<0.05.</p

Time-dependent Effects of Tenofovir on the expression of nucleotidase genes in macrophages, dendritic cells and activated and resting CD4⁺ T cells.

<p>Monocyte-derived macrophages were treated with 1mg/ml of TFV for 2 to 24hr. After 3 days cells were treated with 1mg/ml of TFV for 2 to 24hr. Bars represent mean ± SEM from 4 separate experiments with different donors. *P<0.05 **P<0.01. (A) Macrophage expression of ecto-5’-nucleotidase (NT5E) and mitochondrial 5’(3’)-deoxyribonucleotidase nucleotidase gene (NT5M) gene at different time points . (B) DC expression of ecto-5’-nucleotidase (NT5E) and mitochondrial 5’(3’)-deoxyribonucleotidase nucleotidase gene (NT5M) gene at different time points . </p