Multiple-Step Humidity-Induced Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Transformations of a Cobalt Phosphonate: Structural and Proton Conductivity Studies

Humidity-induced multiple-step single-crystal to single-crystal (SC-SC) transformations are observed in the cobalt phosphonate (NH₄)₃[Co₂(bamdpH)₂(HCOO)­(H₂O)₂] (<b>1</b>), where bamdpH₄ is (benzylazanediyl)­bis­(methylene)­diphosphonic acid, [C₆H₅CH₂N­(CH₂PO₃H₂)₂]. Under high-humidity conditions (95% RH), compound <b>1</b> experiences hydrolysis at 60 °C which is accompanied by the transformation from a double-chain structure of compound <b>1</b> into a single-chain structure of [Co­(bamdpH₂)­(H₂O)₂]·2H₂O (<b>2</b>). When the humidity is below 10% RH, part of the lattice water in compound <b>2</b> can be released, forming a third phase, [Co­(bamdpH₂)­(H₂O)₂]·H₂O (<b>3</b>). The structural transformation processes have been monitored by infrared and proton conductivity measurements

Age-Dependent Transition from Cell-Level to Population-Level Control in Murine Intestinal Homeostasis Revealed by Coalescence Analysis

<div><p>In multi-cellular organisms, tissue homeostasis is maintained by an exquisite balance between stem cell proliferation and differentiation. This equilibrium can be achieved either at the single cell level (a.k.a. cell asymmetry), where stem cells follow strict asymmetric divisions, or the population level (a.k.a. population asymmetry), where gains and losses in individual stem cell lineages are randomly distributed, but the net effect is homeostasis. In the mature mouse intestinal crypt, previous evidence has revealed a pattern of population asymmetry through predominantly symmetric divisions of stem cells. In this work, using population genetic theory together with previously published crypt single-cell data obtained at different mouse life stages, we reveal a strikingly dynamic pattern of stem cell homeostatic control. We find that single-cell asymmetric divisions are gradually replaced by stochastic population-level asymmetry as the mouse matures to adulthood. This lifelong process has important developmental and evolutionary implications in understanding how adult tissues maintain their homeostasis integrating the trade-off between intrinsic and extrinsic regulations.</p> </div

Legislative Documents

Also, variously referred to as: House bills; House documents; House legislative documents; legislative documents; General Court documents

Heatmap of all miRNAs found in this study.

<p>miRNAs were classified into three categories: known, conserved and novel. For each panel, miRNAs were listed according to their abundance, which is Log2 (mean value of RPM).</p

Verification of differentially expressed tae-miRNAs by qRT-PCR.

<p>The comparative ΔΔCT method was used for the qRT-PCR experiments and miR159 was selected as the reference.</p

<i>GmDREB1</i> overexpression affects the expression of microRNAs in GM wheat seeds

<div><p>MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulators of gene expression that act on many different molecular and biochemical processes in eukaryotes. To date, miRNAs have not been considered in the current evaluation system for GM crops. In this study, small RNAs from the dry seeds of a GM wheat line overexpressing <i>GmDREB1</i> and non-GM wheat cultivars were investigated using deep sequencing technology and bioinformatic approaches. As a result, 23 differentially expressed miRNAs in dry seeds were identified and confirmed between GM wheat and a non-GM acceptor. Notably, more differentially expressed tae-miRNAs between non-GM wheat varieties were found, indicating that the degree of variance between non-GM cultivars was considerably higher than that induced by the transgenic event. Most of the target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs between GM wheat and a non-GM acceptor were associated with abiotic stress, in accordance with the product concept of GM wheat in improving drought and salt tolerance. Our data provided useful information and insights into the evaluation of miRNA expression in edible GM crops.</p></div

Differential expression of conserved tae-miRNAs in wheat seeds.

<p>Differential expression of conserved tae-miRNAs in wheat seeds.</p

Length distribution of small RNA libraries.

<p>A: Length distribution of the total reads. B: Length distribution of the unique reads. For each class, 12 RPM values were arranged in order: T349_rep1, T349_rep2, T349_rep3, J19_rep1, J19_rep2, J19_rep3, J22_rep1, J22_rep2, J22_rep3, L21_rep1, L21_rep2, and L21_rep3.</p

Novel tae-miRNA candidates found in this study.

<p>A: Hairpin structures of the novel tae-miRNA precursors predicted in GM wheat seeds. Mature miRNAs are indicated with green lowercase letters. B: Expression analysis of the novel tae-miRNA candidates by RT-PCR. NTC, no template control; T349, T349; J19, Jimai 19; L21, Lumai 21; J22, Jimai 22</p

Likelihood ratio tests under different models.

*<p>: significant at 5% level,</p>**<p>: significant at 1% level.</p