Schematic illustration of generating the small gastric pouch (<5% of total gastric volume).

<p>(A) Perigastric ligaments are ligated and cut to release the stomach. The arrow indicates the left gastric vessels and esophageal vessels. (B) The first branch of the left gastric vessels and the esophageal vessels are ligated and cut. (C) The left gastric vessels are bluntly separated from the cardia to make room for pouch operation without impairing the gastric blood supply. (D) and (E) A titanium clip is applied to the stomach with care not to impinge on the left gastric vessel bundles, and the stomach is transected right above the clip. (F) The small gastric pouch is anastomosed to the cut jejunum.</p

Small pouch RYGB increases energy expenditure and respiratory exchange rate (RER).

<p>These tests were conducted in DIO mice on chow diet. (A) Diurnal pattern of energy expenditure. (B) Average energy expenditure for the entire diurnal cycle and separately for day and night. The test was conducted in DIO mice at 9 weeks after RYGB or sham surgery and fed normal chow diet during testing. Note the significantly higher energy expenditure during both light and dark periods. (C) Diurnal pattern of RER. (D) Average RER for the entire diurnal cycle and separately for day and night. Note the significantly higher RER of RYGB mice for both day and night. Means ± SEM (RYGB n = 4, Sham n = 6). * p<0.05.</p

Effects of small pouch RYGB on respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and locomotor activity.

<p>These tests were conducted at 9 weeks after surgery in mice fed a high-fat diet. (A) Diurnal pattern of RER. (B) Average RER for the entire diurnal cycle and separately for day and night. Note the significantly higher RER of RYGB mice during the dark period. (C) Diurnal pattern locomotor activity. (D) Average locomotor activity for the entire diurnal cycle and separately for day and night. Note the significantly higher activity of RYGB mice during the light period. Means ± SEM (RYGB n = 4, Sham n = 6). * p<0.05.</p

Image_2_A novel oncolytic virus-based biomarker participates in prognosis and tumor immune infiltration of glioma.TIF

BackgroundGlioma is the most common central nervous malignancy. Due to its poor survival outcomes, it is essential to identify novel individualized therapy. Oncolytic virus (OV) treatment is a key therapy regulating tumor microenvironment in malignant glioma. Herein, we aim to identify the key genes after OV infection and its role in glioma.MethodsPerforming an RNA-seq analysis, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between EV-A71-infection and mock group were screened with GFold values. DAVID online analysis was performed to identify the functional classification. Overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) was evaluated to analyze the relation between PTBP1 expression levels and prognosis of glioma patients. Additionally, the ssGSEA and TIMER algorithms were applied for evaluating immune cell infiltration in glioma.ResultsFollowing EV-A71 infection in glioma cells, PTBP1, one of the downregulated DEGs, was found to be associated with multiple categories of GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. We observed elevated expression levels of PTBP1 across various tumor grades of glioma in comparison to normal brain samples. High PTBP1 expression had a notable impact on the OS of patients with low-grade glioma (LGG). Furthermore, we observed an obvious association between PTBP1 levels and immune cell infiltration in LGG. Notably, PTBP1 was regarded as an essential prognostic biomarker in immune cells of LGG.ConclusionOur research uncovered a critical role of PTBP1 in outcomes and immune cell infiltration of glioma patients, particularly in those with LGG.</p

Series of images depicting small pouch Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in the mouse.

<p>(A) The first 2 branches of the posterior left gastric vessels were ligated and cut. (B) The left gastric vessel bundles were separated from esophagus. The short arrow indicates the posterior left gastric vessels. The long arrow shows the gap between left gastric vessels and the cardia. (C) A titanium clip was applied to make the small gastric pouch (arrow). (D) The stomach was transected immediately above the clip, leaving the left gastric vessels intact (short arrow). The long arrow indicates the small gastric pouch. (E) The intact left gastric vessels (arrow point) guarantees normal blood supply of the stomach. (F) The arrow points to the completed gastrojejunostomy. (G) The arrow points to the completed jejunojejunostomy. (H) State of the gastric pouch at 3 weeks after surgery with the esophagus at the top (short arrow) and the small gastric pouch below (large arrow), clearly demonstrating that there was no expansion of the pouch after eating solid food for 3 weeks. (I) Picture showing the relative lengths of the Roux, biliopancreatic, and common limbs after RYGB surgery.</p

Small pouch RYGB increases food intake and energy expenditure (EE) in DIO mice.

<p>(A) Average daily high-fat diet intake measured over a period of 3 days at 5 weeks after RYGB or sham surgery. (B) Energy expenditure at 8 weeks after surgery as measured by indirect calorimetry normalized to total body mass. B. Pattern of energy expenditure over 24 h period. (C) Energy expenditure of RYGB and sham-operated mice measured over two consecutive days and shown as average rate per hour for the entire diurnal cycle and separately for day and night on the high fat diet. (D) Comparison of energy expenditure on high-fat diet (HFD, black bars) and on chow (white bars) in RYGB and sham-operated mice. Means ± SEM (RYGB n = 4, Sham n = 6). * p<0.05, based on the student <i>t</i> test or two-way ANOVA test.</p

Image_1_A novel oncolytic virus-based biomarker participates in prognosis and tumor immune infiltration of glioma.TIF

BackgroundGlioma is the most common central nervous malignancy. Due to its poor survival outcomes, it is essential to identify novel individualized therapy. Oncolytic virus (OV) treatment is a key therapy regulating tumor microenvironment in malignant glioma. Herein, we aim to identify the key genes after OV infection and its role in glioma.MethodsPerforming an RNA-seq analysis, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between EV-A71-infection and mock group were screened with GFold values. DAVID online analysis was performed to identify the functional classification. Overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) was evaluated to analyze the relation between PTBP1 expression levels and prognosis of glioma patients. Additionally, the ssGSEA and TIMER algorithms were applied for evaluating immune cell infiltration in glioma.ResultsFollowing EV-A71 infection in glioma cells, PTBP1, one of the downregulated DEGs, was found to be associated with multiple categories of GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. We observed elevated expression levels of PTBP1 across various tumor grades of glioma in comparison to normal brain samples. High PTBP1 expression had a notable impact on the OS of patients with low-grade glioma (LGG). Furthermore, we observed an obvious association between PTBP1 levels and immune cell infiltration in LGG. Notably, PTBP1 was regarded as an essential prognostic biomarker in immune cells of LGG.ConclusionOur research uncovered a critical role of PTBP1 in outcomes and immune cell infiltration of glioma patients, particularly in those with LGG.</p

Table_2_A novel oncolytic virus-based biomarker participates in prognosis and tumor immune infiltration of glioma.pdf

BackgroundGlioma is the most common central nervous malignancy. Due to its poor survival outcomes, it is essential to identify novel individualized therapy. Oncolytic virus (OV) treatment is a key therapy regulating tumor microenvironment in malignant glioma. Herein, we aim to identify the key genes after OV infection and its role in glioma.MethodsPerforming an RNA-seq analysis, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between EV-A71-infection and mock group were screened with GFold values. DAVID online analysis was performed to identify the functional classification. Overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) was evaluated to analyze the relation between PTBP1 expression levels and prognosis of glioma patients. Additionally, the ssGSEA and TIMER algorithms were applied for evaluating immune cell infiltration in glioma.ResultsFollowing EV-A71 infection in glioma cells, PTBP1, one of the downregulated DEGs, was found to be associated with multiple categories of GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. We observed elevated expression levels of PTBP1 across various tumor grades of glioma in comparison to normal brain samples. High PTBP1 expression had a notable impact on the OS of patients with low-grade glioma (LGG). Furthermore, we observed an obvious association between PTBP1 levels and immune cell infiltration in LGG. Notably, PTBP1 was regarded as an essential prognostic biomarker in immune cells of LGG.ConclusionOur research uncovered a critical role of PTBP1 in outcomes and immune cell infiltration of glioma patients, particularly in those with LGG.</p

Table_1_A novel oncolytic virus-based biomarker participates in prognosis and tumor immune infiltration of glioma.pdf

BackgroundGlioma is the most common central nervous malignancy. Due to its poor survival outcomes, it is essential to identify novel individualized therapy. Oncolytic virus (OV) treatment is a key therapy regulating tumor microenvironment in malignant glioma. Herein, we aim to identify the key genes after OV infection and its role in glioma.MethodsPerforming an RNA-seq analysis, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between EV-A71-infection and mock group were screened with GFold values. DAVID online analysis was performed to identify the functional classification. Overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) was evaluated to analyze the relation between PTBP1 expression levels and prognosis of glioma patients. Additionally, the ssGSEA and TIMER algorithms were applied for evaluating immune cell infiltration in glioma.ResultsFollowing EV-A71 infection in glioma cells, PTBP1, one of the downregulated DEGs, was found to be associated with multiple categories of GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. We observed elevated expression levels of PTBP1 across various tumor grades of glioma in comparison to normal brain samples. High PTBP1 expression had a notable impact on the OS of patients with low-grade glioma (LGG). Furthermore, we observed an obvious association between PTBP1 levels and immune cell infiltration in LGG. Notably, PTBP1 was regarded as an essential prognostic biomarker in immune cells of LGG.ConclusionOur research uncovered a critical role of PTBP1 in outcomes and immune cell infiltration of glioma patients, particularly in those with LGG.</p

Image_3_A novel oncolytic virus-based biomarker participates in prognosis and tumor immune infiltration of glioma.TIFF

BackgroundGlioma is the most common central nervous malignancy. Due to its poor survival outcomes, it is essential to identify novel individualized therapy. Oncolytic virus (OV) treatment is a key therapy regulating tumor microenvironment in malignant glioma. Herein, we aim to identify the key genes after OV infection and its role in glioma.MethodsPerforming an RNA-seq analysis, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between EV-A71-infection and mock group were screened with GFold values. DAVID online analysis was performed to identify the functional classification. Overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) was evaluated to analyze the relation between PTBP1 expression levels and prognosis of glioma patients. Additionally, the ssGSEA and TIMER algorithms were applied for evaluating immune cell infiltration in glioma.ResultsFollowing EV-A71 infection in glioma cells, PTBP1, one of the downregulated DEGs, was found to be associated with multiple categories of GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. We observed elevated expression levels of PTBP1 across various tumor grades of glioma in comparison to normal brain samples. High PTBP1 expression had a notable impact on the OS of patients with low-grade glioma (LGG). Furthermore, we observed an obvious association between PTBP1 levels and immune cell infiltration in LGG. Notably, PTBP1 was regarded as an essential prognostic biomarker in immune cells of LGG.ConclusionOur research uncovered a critical role of PTBP1 in outcomes and immune cell infiltration of glioma patients, particularly in those with LGG.</p