Horizon thermodynamics in f(R)f(R) theory

We investigate whether the new horizon first law proposed recently still work in $f(R)$ theory. We identify the entropy and the energy of black hole as quantities proportional to the corresponding value of integration, supported by the fact that the new horizon first law holds true as a consequence of equations of motion in $f(R)$ theories. The formulas for the entropy and energy of black hole found here are in agreement with the results obtained in literatures. For applications, some nontrivial black hole solutions in $f(R)$ theories have been considered, the entropies and the energies of black holes in these models are firstly computed, which may be useful for future researches.Comment: 8 pages, no figur

Development of Polymer-Based In-Plane Nanopore for DNA Sequencing

Mechanically robust solid-state nanopores have the potential to be the next generation DNA sensing platforms. However, mass production and limited base-calling accuracy are the hurdles for solid-state nanopore based DNA sensing. In order to solve these problems, a polymer dual-nanopore device fabricated via high throughput nanoimprint lithography (NIL) was proposed to sequence DNA by time-of-flight (ToF) measurement. As a proof of concept, this study presents mononucleotides discrimination via ToF measurement using polymer in-plane dual-nanopore device. First, fabrication of polymer in-plane nanopore with controllable dimensions was studied in consideration of experimental conditions and materials selection. Then, surface charge density effect on DNA translocation through in-plane nanopore was studied numerically and experimentally using fabricated nanopore devices on PEGDA, PMMA and COC. λ-DNA sensing was only observed in PEGDA device with a surface charge density lower than the threshold surface charge density predicted by COMSOL simulation. With demonstrated single molecule sensing ability, mononucleotides were introduced to PEGDA dual-nanopore with 500 nm flight tube and discriminated under various conditions. At pH 8.0, mononucleotides were driven by eletrophoretic motion and their ToF was in a decreasing order of dGMP \u3e dAMP \u3e dCMP \u3e dTMP. At pH 10.0, mononucleotides were driven by electroosmotic flow (EOF) due to a higher surface charge density on nanochannel walls and ToF was in the same order as pH 8.0 with an average identification accuracy of 55%. Dual-nanopore device with 1 μm flight tube was then used to improve the average identification accuracy to 75%. Finally, dGMP and dTMP in a mix solution were dicriminated by their ToF difference