Data_Sheet_1_Effect of acupuncture on brain regions modulation of mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies.docx

BackgroundAs a non-pharmacological therapy, acupuncture has significant efficacy in treating Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) compared to pharmacological therapies. In recent years, advances in neuroimaging techniques have provided new perspectives to elucidate the central mechanisms of acupuncture for MCI. Many acupuncture brain imaging studies have found significant improvements in brain function after acupuncture treatment of MCI, but the underlying mechanisms of brain regions modulation are unclear.ObjectiveA meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of MCI patients treated with acupuncture was conducted to summarize the effects of acupuncture on the modulation of MCI brain regions from a neuroimaging perspective.MethodsUsing acupuncture, neuroimaging, magnetic resonance, and Mild Cognitive Impairment as search terms, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Biology Medicine disk (CBM disk), Wanfang and Chinese Scientific Journal Database (VIP) for brain imaging studies on acupuncture on MCI published up to April 2022. Voxel-based neuroimaging meta-analysis of fMRI data was performed using voxel-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images (SDM-PSI), allowing for Family-Wise Error Rate (FWER) correction correction for correction multiple comparisons of results. Subgroup analysis was used to compare the differences in brain regions between the acupuncture treatment group and other control groups. Meta-regression was used to explore demographic information and altered cognitive function effects on brain imaging outcomes. Linear models were drawn using MATLAB 2017a, and visual graphs for quality evaluation were produced using R software and RStudio software.ResultsA total of seven studies met the inclusion criteria, with 94 patients in the treatment group and 112 patients in the control group. All studies were analyzed using the regional homogeneity (ReHo) method. The experimental design of fMRI included six task state studies and one resting-state study. The meta-analysis showed that MCI patients had enhanced activity in the right insula, left anterior cingulate/paracingulate gyri, right thalamus, right middle frontal gyrus, right median cingulate/paracingulate gyri, and right middle temporal gyrus brain regions after acupuncture treatment. Further analysis of RCT and longitudinal studies showed that Reho values were significantly elevated in two brain regions, the left anterior cingulate/paracingulate gyrus and the right insula, after acupuncture. The MCI group showed stronger activity in the right supramarginal gyrus after acupuncture treatment compared to healthy controls. Meta-regression analysis showed that the right anterior thalamic projection ReHo index was significantly correlated with the MMSE score after acupuncture treatment in all MCI patients.ConclusionsAcupuncture therapy has a modulating effect on the brain regions of MCI patients. However, due to the inadequate experimental design of neuroimaging studies, multi-center neuroimaging studies with large samples are needed better to understand the potential neuroimaging mechanisms of acupuncture for MCI. In addition, machine learning algorithm-based predictive models for evaluating the efficacy of acupuncture for MCI may become a focus of future research.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022287826, identifier: CRD 42022287826.</p

Table_1_“Adjust Zang and arouse spirit” electroacupuncture ameliorates cognitive impairment by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in db/db mice.docx

IntroductionDiabetic cognitive impairment (DCI) is a chronic complication of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by diabetes that affects learning and memory capacities over time. Recently, acupuncture has been shown to improve cognitive impairment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. However, the effects of electroacupuncture on DCI and its underlying mechanism have not yet been elucidated in detail. MethodsIn this study, we used db/db mice as DCI animal models which showed low cognitive, learning and memory functions. Electroacupuncture significantly ameliorated DCI, which is reflected by better spatial learning and memory function using behavioral tests. The db/db mice with cognitive impairment were randomly divided into a model group (Mod) and an electroacupuncture treatment group (Acup), while db/m mice were used as a normal control group (Con). First, the mice were subjected to behavioural tests using the Morris water maze (MWM), and body weight, blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were observed; HE, Nissl, and TUNEL staining were used to observe the morphological changes and neuronal apoptosis in the mice hippocampus; Finally, Western blot and rt-PCR were applied to detect the essential proteins and mRNA of ERS and insulin signalling pathway, as well as the expression levels of Tau and Aβ.ResultsElectroacupuncture significantly ameliorated DCI, which is reflected by better spatial learning and memory function using behavioral tests. Moreover, electroacupuncture attenuated diabetes-induced morphological structure change, neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus of db/db mice. Our results revealed that electroacupuncture could regulate the expression levels of Tau and Aβ by improving hippocampal ERS levels in db/db mice, inhibiting JNK activation, attenuating IRS1 serine phosphorylation, and restoring normal transduction of the insulin signaling pathway.DiscussionIn summary, ERS and insulin signaling pathway paly causal roles in DCI development. Electroacupuncture can significantly alleviate the pathogenesis of DCI, improve mice's learning and memory ability, and improve cognitive dysfunction. This study adds to our understanding of the effect of acupuncture on DCI and opens the door to further research on DCI.</p

Distribution of orthologs, paralogs and unclustered genes among <i>An</i>. <i>sinensis</i>, <i>An</i>. <i>darlingi</i>, <i>An</i>. <i>gambiae</i>, <i>An</i>. <i>cracens</i> and <i>An</i>. <i>maculatus</i> (A). Venn diagram showing positively selected genes (PSGs) shared between <i>An</i>. <i>cracens</i> and <i>An</i>. <i>maculatus</i> (B).

<p>Distribution of orthologs, paralogs and unclustered genes among <i>An</i>. <i>sinensis</i>, <i>An</i>. <i>darlingi</i>, <i>An</i>. <i>gambiae</i>, <i>An</i>. <i>cracens</i> and <i>An</i>. <i>maculatus</i> (A). Venn diagram showing positively selected genes (PSGs) shared between <i>An</i>. <i>cracens</i> and <i>An</i>. <i>maculatus</i> (B).</p

Distribution comparisons of several features in the final gene set to homolog species for <i>An</i>. <i>cracens</i> (A) and <i>An</i>. <i>maculatus</i> (B).

<p>Distribution comparisons of several features in the final gene set to homolog species for <i>An</i>. <i>cracens</i> (A) and <i>An</i>. <i>maculatus</i> (B).</p

Genome assembly comparison of <i>An</i>. <i>cracens</i> and <i>An</i>. <i>maculatus</i> with other mosquitoes.

<p>Data on <i>An</i>. <i>cracens</i> and <i>An</i>. <i>maculatus</i> were generated from this study whereas the details about other species were obtained from Vectorbase (<i>An</i>. <i>gambiae</i> GCA_000005575.2, <i>An</i>. <i>darlingi</i> GCA_000211455.3, <i>An</i>. <i>sinensis</i> GCA_000472065.2, <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> GCA_000004015.1, <i>Cx</i>. <i>Quinquefasciatus</i> GCA_000209185.1)</p

Draft Genomes of <i>Anopheles cracens</i> and <i>Anopheles maculatus</i>: Comparison of Simian Malaria and Human Malaria Vectors in Peninsular Malaysia - Fig 1

<p><b>Genome 17-mer depth distribution for <i>An</i>. <i>cracens</i> (A) and <i>An</i>. <i>maculatus</i> (B). The genome GC content of <i>An</i>. <i>cracens</i> (C) and <i>An</i>. <i>maculatus</i> (D). The genome GC distribution of <i>An</i>. <i>cracens</i> (E) and <i>An</i>. <i>maculatus</i> (F) under comparison with genomes of a few other Diptera members.</b> For <i>An</i>. <i>cracens</i>, genomes of <i>An</i>. <i>gambiae</i>, <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i>, <i>Cx</i>. <i>quinquefasciatus</i> and <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i> were used for comparison. Five hundred bp bins (with 250 bp overlap) sliding was used. For <i>An</i>. <i>maculatus</i>, genomes of <i>An</i>. <i>gambiae</i>, <i>D</i>. <i>melanogaster</i>, <i>Apis mellifera</i>, and <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> were used for comparison. Two hundred bp bins (with 100 bp overlap) sliding was used. <b>Aligned identity distribution of segmental duplication for <i>An</i>. <i>cracens</i> (G) and <i>An</i>. <i>maculatus</i> (H).</b></p