PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE JIGSAW UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR AQIDAH AKHLAK PESERTA DIDIK KELAS V MI IRSYADUT THOLIBIN TUGU REJOTANGAN TULUNGAGUNG

ABSTRAK Skripsi dengan judul “Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Aqidah Akhlak Peserta Didik Kelas V MI Irsyadut Tholibin Tugu Rejotangan Tulungagung” ini ditulis oleh Sunatul Laila, NIM. 2817133189, Jurusan Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (PGMI) Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Ilmu Keguruan, IAIN Tulungagung, dibimbing oleh Dr. Agus Purwowidodo, M.Pd. Kata Kunci: Kooperatif, Jigsaw, Hasil Belajar Penelitian dalam skripsi ini dilatar belakangi oleh temuan permasalahan dalam pembelajaran Aqidah Akhlak yaitu rendahnya hasil belajar. Hal ini tampak ketika pembelajaran Aqidah Akhlak berlangsung, banyak peserta didik yang sibuk ngobrol sendiri ketika guru menjelaskan materi. Model pembelajaran yang telah digunakan dirasa kurang mampu membuat peserta didik berperan aktif dalam proses pembelajaran, sehingga minat belajar peserta didik berkurang. Dalam hal ini peneliti berusaha mengatasi permasalahan tersebut melalui penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Jigsaw yang diharapkan mampu meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik Kelas V MI Irsyadut Tholibin Tugu Rejotangan Tulungagung. Rumusan masalah pada penelitian ini meliputi: 1) Bagaimana peningkatan kerjasama kelompok peserta didik dalam kegiatan pembelajaran Aqidah Akhlak pokok bahasan Akhlak Tercela melalui Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw peserta didik kelas V MI Irsyadut Tholibin Tugu Rejotangan Tulungagung 2016/2017? 2) Bagaimana peningkatan keaktifan belajar Aqidah Akhlak pokok bahasan Akhlak Tercela melalui Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw peserta didik kelas V MI Irsyadut Tholibin Tugu Rejotangan Tulungagung 2016/2017? 3) Bagaimana peningkatan hasil belajar Aqidah Akhlak pokok bahasan Akhlak Tercela melalui Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw peserta didik kelas V MI Irsyadut Tholibin Tugu Rejotangan Tulungagung 2016/2017?. Adapun yang menjadi tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memaparkan peningkatan kerjasama, keaktifan dan hasil belajar peserta didik dalam kegiatan pembelajaran Aqidah Akhlak materi Akhlak Tercela melalui penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Jigsaw kelas V MI Irsyadut Tholibin Tugu Rejotangan Tulungagung. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas, yang terdiri dari dua siklus dan setiap siklus terdiri dari empat tahapan, yakni: 1) menyusun perencanaan (planning), 2) pelaksanaan tindakan (action), 3) melaksanakan pengamatan (observing), 4) mengadakan refleksi (reflection). Subjek penelitian yaitu peserta didik kelas V MI Irsyadut Tholibin Tugu Rejotangan Tulungagung tahun ajaran 2016/2017 yaitu terdiri dari 25 peserta didik. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu tes, observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, catatan lapangan. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu: 1) reduksi data, 2) penyajian data, 3) penarikan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah penulis lakukan, maka telah terjadi peningkatan kerjasama, keaktifan dan hasil belajar peserta didik dengan diterapkannya model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Jigsaw. Hal ini dibuktikan berdasarkan observasi aktivitas peneliti meningkat dari 77% dengan kategori baik pada siklus I menjadi 94% dengan kategori sangat baik pada siklus II. Kerjasama peserta didik meningkat dari 75% dengan kategori cukup pada siklus I menjadi 95% dengan kategori sangat baik pada siklus II. Serta keaktifan peserta didik meningkat dari 80% dengan kategori baik pada siklus I menjadi 90% dengan kategori sangat baik pada siklus II. Begitu juga dengan ketuntasan belajar peserta didik yang mengalami peningkatan dengan ditunjukkan presentase hasil belajar 16% dengan kategori kurang sekali pada tes awal (pre test) setelah mendapat penanganan pada siklus I hasil belajar peserta didik meningkat menjadi 70,83% dengan kategori baik. Pada siklus II hasil belajar meningkat lagi menjadi 100% dengan kategori sangat baik. Dari hasil belajar pada siklus II telah menunjukkan adanya ketercapaian indikator keberhasilan yang telah ditentukan

Study on the formation and rheological properties of sucrose stearate lamellar liquid crystals

<p>The phase diagrams of S1570–Brij 97/oleic acid/water system at two different S1570/Brij 97 mass ratios of 1/1 (system S) and 7/3 (system P) were determined at 37°C, respectively. The microstructures and rheological properties of liquid crystals at constant surfactants/water mass ratio of 1/1 were studied with increase in oil content. Small-angle x-ray scattering measurements showed that system S exhibited a typical lamellar liquid crystals and the repeat distance (<i>d</i>) decreased as oil content increased. While for system P, two couples of scattering peaks were observed when oil content reached 28 wt%. This indicated that adding oil content may give rise to a multilamellar structures in the higher S1570/Brij 97 mass ratio system. The rheological tests indicated that a transition from elastic gel-like properties to viscoelastic liquid-like properties appeared in both system S and P when oil content reached 20 wt%, corresponding to the polarizing optical microscopy textures changing from oily streak to cruciate flower. This supplies a way to adjust structure, rheological properties, and even phase transition by altering the S1570/Brij 97 mass ratio and oleic acid content in system.</p

An Acidity Scale of Triazolium-Based NHC Precursors in DMSO

An acidity scale of triazolium-based N-heterocyclic carbene precursors was established by measuring 25 compounds’ (<b>10a</b>–<b>15b</b>) equilibrium acidities in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution using overlapping indicator method. The p<i>K</i>_a values ranged from 12.08 to 15.5, responding not only to the <i>N</i>-aryl motif, but also to the core structure. Excellent correlation was observed between the p<i>K</i>_a values and the Hammett substituent constants (σ_p)

Larger Effect of Sintering Temperature Than Particle Size on the Photocatalytic Activity of Anatase TiO₂

Photocatalytic activity of anatase TiO₂ that increases with the increase of its synthesis temperature has been widely reported, but the reason for that remains incompletely understood. In this work, the positive effect of synthesis temperature, presumably due to the growth of particle size, has been examined. Three series of anatase samples with various particle sizes were prepared from the hydrolysis of TiOSO₄ in water at 150 °C, followed by calcinations in air. The particle size of TiO₂, estimated by X-ray diffraction and N₂ adsorption, increased with the increase of the hydrothermal time, calcination time, and calcination temperature. For phenol photodegradation in aerated aqueous suspension, three series of the catalysts showed different correlation between the activity and particle size of TiO₂. However, with the same amount of Ag⁺ adsorbed on the oxide surface for phenol photodegradation in a N₂-purged aqueous suspension, those catalysts showed activities all increasing with the particle size of TiO₂, whereas at given particle size, the thermally treated TiO₂ was much more active than the hydrothermally treated one. These observations are discussed in terms of the solid crystallinity, surface area, exposed facets, surface hydroxyl groups, and light absorption. But, there only appears a positive correlation between the particle size, calcination temperature, and the number of surface defects, as revealed by photoluminescence spectroscopy. The increase of surface defects may facilitate separation of the photogenerated charges, consequently improving the efficiency for phenol degradation at the solid–liquid interface

Nondirected Copper-Catalyzed Sulfoxidations of Benzylic C–H Bonds

A copper-catalyzed sulfoxidation of benzylic C–H bonds by nondirected oxidative C­(sp³)-H activation was developed. The process proceeds via sulfenate anions, which are generated by base-triggered elimination of β-sulfinyl esters and benzyl radicals. The functional group tolerance is high, and the product yields are good

Specifying Ability Growth Models Using a Multidimensional Item Response Model for Repeated Measures Categorical Ordinal Item Response Data

<p>When categorical ordinal item response data are collected over multiple timepoints from a repeated measures design, an item response theory (IRT) modeling approach whose unit of analysis is an item response is suitable. This study proposes a few longitudinal IRT models and illustrates how a popular compensatory multidimensional IRT model can be utilized to formulate such longitudinal IRT models, which permits an investigation of ability growth at both individual and population levels. The equivalence of an existing multidimensional IRT model and those longitudinal IRT models is also elaborated so that one can make use of an existing multidimensional IRT model to implement the longitudinal IRT models.</p

Visible Photocatalytic Water Splitting and Photocatalytic Two-Electron Oxygen Formation over Cu- and Fe-Doped g‑C₃N₄

Water splitting via two two-electron processes (the H₂O first photocatalytically converted to H₂ and H₂O₂ under visible light irradiation and then the H₂O₂ disproportionation to H₂O and O₂ by a thermal catalytic process) has attracted extensive attention recently., Contrary to these reports, we found that not only the photocatalytic H₂ generation could be driven by visible light but also the two-electron H₂O₂ disproportionation to form H₂O and O₂ could also be photocatalyzed by visible light over g-C₃N₄ catalysts. Photocatalytic H₂, O₂ generation, and simultaneous H₂O₂ formation in Cu/C₃N₄ and Fe/C₃N₄ dispersions were confirmed, about 2.1 and 1.4 μmol of H₂ and 0.8 and 0.5 μmol of O₂ evolved over Cu/C₃N₄ and Fe/C₃N₄ in 12 h, respectively. To prove the photocatalytic process of H₂O₂ disproportionation, the H₂O₂ was added as a reagent in g-C₃N₄, Cu/C₃N₄, and Fe/C₃N₄ dispersions. The results showed that the activity of H₂ evolution decreased with the increase of H₂O₂ concentration; the corresponding AQEs of oxygen formation were 16.1%, 42.6%, and 78.5% at 400 nm, respectively. The remarkable increase of anodic photocurrents over Fe/C₃N₄/ITO and Cu/C₃N₄/ITO electrodes indicated that the two-electron H₂O₂ disproportionation was catalyzed via surface photocatalytic mechanism. The ESR results implied reaction occurred by O₂^–· radical path over g-C₃N₄ under irradiation

Crucial Roles of Electron–Proton Transport Relay in the Photosystem II-Photocatalytic Hybrid System for Overall Water Splitting

Redox shuttle reaction plays a crucial role in electron and proton transfer process of natural and artificial photosynthesis for the solar-to-chemical energy conversion. In nature, photosynthetic electron transfer is delivered efficiently by the elaborated redox cofactors for generation of the reducing equivalents. However, efficient electron/proton transport is still a challenge to couple the natural and artificial photosynthetic system. Herein, we demonstrate a hybrid photosystem in conjugation of plant photosystem II (PSII) and inorganic Ru/SrTiO₃:Rh (Rh-doped) photocatalyst with quinone–ferricyanide relay for overall water splitting reaction under visible light irradiation. Electrons and protons from natural PSII to artificial photocatalyst by a quinone molecule are transported at the bioinorganic interface. Furthermore, the quinone–ferricyanide transport relay is found to be much more efficient in enhancement of the water splitting activity. This work makes it possible to construct the hybrid photosynthetic system by taking the advantages of both natural and artificial systems

Brookite vs Anatase TiO₂ in the Photocatalytic Activity for Organic Degradation in Water

Brookite is the least studied TiO₂, and its photocatalytic activity higher or lower than that of anatase still remains unclear. In this work, three different model reactions have been used for the activity assessment. Phase-pure brookite and anatase were homemade at different temperatures (<i>T</i>_s = 200–500 °C), as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. For phenol oxidation in aerated aqueous solution, brookite showed an apparent activity higher and lower than that of anatase at low and high <i>T</i>_s, respectively. For chromate reduction in aerated aqueous suspension, the apparent activity of brookite was always lower than that of anatase. However, with the same amount of Cr­(VI) or Ag­(I) adsorbed on the oxide in water for Cr­(VI) reduction or for phenol degradation under N₂, the intrinsic activities of brookite and anatase not only became similar at given <i>T</i>_s but also increased with the increase of <i>T</i>_s. Moreover, for O₂ reduction to H₂O₂ in the presence of excess phenol, the BET surface area normalized activity of brookite was always higher than that of anatase, the trend of which was similar to that observed from phenol degradation in aerated aqueous solution. It is proposed that brookite has a stronger affinity to O₂ in water than anatase. Then, the observed difference between brookite and anatase in the apparent photocatalytic activity for phenol degradation is ascribed to the combined effect of <i>T</i>_s, surface area, and sorption capacity toward the dissolved O₂ in water

Uniformly Sized (112) Facet Co₂P on Graphene for Highly Effective Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

We show that photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) rate is highly dependent on Co surface state, indicated by binding energy data. The key process of hydrogen generation, Co₂P–H species formation, follows lower hydrogen adsorption free energy (Δ<i>G</i>_H) route. Such low surface energy species can dramatically decrease the overpotential for HER (about 35 mV for HER in basic electrolyte at pH 11, and 150 and 196 mV overpotentials at current density 5 and 15 mA/cm², respectively). This could explain why Co₂P loaded on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) reached high hydrogen generation rate, 1068 μmol·h^–1, much higher than that of Pt/RGO catalyst (822 μmol·h^–1) under the same reaction condition, while a high apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) (33.3%) was achieved at 520 nm. Moreover, it opens a design strategy for development of cocatalyst with enhanced efficiencies through change of surface H species formation