Forest plot displaying the pooled summary estimates of BCVA in the study group versus the control group: A at 1 month, B at 6 months, and C at 12 months.

<p>BCVA =  best-corrected visual acuity; IVTA =  intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide; MPC =  macular photocoagulation; PRP =  pan-retinal photocoagulation; SD =  standard deviation; IV =  weighted mean difference; CI =  confidence interval; df =  degrees of freedom; Chi² =  chi-square statistic; p =  p value; I² =  I-square heterogeneity statistic; Z =  Z statistic.</p

Flow chart demonstrating the process for study inclusion in the meta-analysis.

<p>Flow chart demonstrating the process for study inclusion in the meta-analysis.</p

Characteristics of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating IVTA combined with PRP and MPC for treating PDR and DME.

<p>IVTA =  intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide; PRP =  panretinal photocoagulation; BCVA =  best corrected visual acuity; FA =  fluorescein angiography; CMT =  central macular thickness; NA =  not available; RAFL =  perimetric area of fluorescein leakage; SMCT =  standardized changes in macular thickness; MPC =  macular photocoagulation; TMV =  total macular volume; IOP =  intraocular pressure.</p>*<p>any change in VA compared with the pre-injection level.</p

Forest plot displaying the pooled summary estimates of IOP in the study group versus control group at 6 months.

<p>IOP =  intraocular pressure; IVTA =  intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide; MPC =  macular photocoagulation; PRP =  pan-retinal photocoagulation; SD =  standard deviation; IV =  weighted mean difference; CI =  confidence interval; df =  degrees of freedom; Chi² =  chi-square statistic; p =  p value; I² =  I-square heterogeneity statistic; Z =  Z statistic.</p

Funnel plot of randomized controlled trials(A).

<p>Risk of bias summary across all studies; ‘+’: present; ‘−’: absent; ‘?’: questionable(B).</p

Forest plot displaying the pooled summary estimates of CMT in the study group versus the control group: A at 1 month, B at 3 months, C at 6 months, and D at 12 months.

<p>CMT =  central macular thickness; IVTA =  intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide; MPC =  macular photocoagulation; PRP =  pan-retinal photocoagulation; SD = standard deviation; IV =  weighted mean difference; CI =  confidence interval; df =  degrees of freedom; Chi² =  chi-square statistic; p =  p value; I² =  I-square heterogeneity statistic; Z =  Z statistic.</p

Stable, Temperature-Dependent Gas Mixture Permeation and Separation through Suspended Nanoporous Single-Layer Graphene Membranes

Graphene membranes with nanometer-scale pores could exhibit an extremely high permeance and selectivity for the separation of gas mixtures. However, to date, no experimental measurements of gas mixture separation through nanoporous single-layer graphene (SLG) membranes have been reported. Herein, we report the first measurements of the temperature-dependent permeance of gas mixtures in an equimolar mixture feed containing H₂, He, CH₄, CO₂, and SF₆ from 22 to 208 °C through SLG membranes containing nanopores formed spontaneously during graphene synthesis. Five membranes were fabricated by transfer of CVD graphene from catalytic Cu film onto channels framed in impermeable Ni. Two membranes exhibited gas permeances on the order of 10^–6 to 10^–5 mol m^–2 s^–1 Pa^–1 as well as gas mixture selectivities higher than the Knudsen effusion selectivities predicted by the gas effusion mechanism. We show that a new steric selectivity mechanism explains the permeance data and selectivities. This mechanism predicts a mean pore diameter of 2.5 nm and an areal pore density of 7.3 × 10¹³ m^–2, which is validated by experimental observations. A third membrane exhibited selectivities lower than the Knudsen effusion selectivities, suggesting a combination of effusion and viscous flow. A fourth membrane exhibited increasing permeance values as functions of temperature from 27 to 200 °C, and a CO₂/SF₆ selectivity > 20 at 200 °C, suggestive of activated translocation through molecular-sized nanopores. A fifth membrane exhibited no measurable permeance of any gas above the detection limit of our technique, 2 × 10^–7 mol m^–2 s^–1 Pa^–1, indicating essentially a molecularly impermeable barrier. Overall, these data demonstrate that SLG membranes can potentially provide a high mixture separation selectivity for gases, with CVD synthesis alone resulting in nanometer-scale pores useful for gas separation. This work also shows that temperature-dependent permeance measurements on SLG can be used to reveal underlying permeation mechanisms

Controlling Multicycle Replication of Live-Attenuated HIV‑1 Using an Unnatural Genetic Switch

A safe and effective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine is urgently needed, but remains elusive. While HIV-1 live-attenuated vaccine can provide potent protection as demonstrated in rhesus macaque-simian immunodeficiency virus model, the potential pathogenic consequences associated with the uncontrolled virus replication preclude such vaccine from clinical applications. We investigated a novel approach to address this problem by controlling live-attenuated HIV-1 replication through an unnatural genetic switch that was based on the amber suppression strategy. Here we report the construction of all-in-one live-attenuated HIV-1 mutants that contain genomic copy of the amber suppression system. This genetic modification resulted in viruses that were capable of multicycle replication <i>in vitro</i> and could be switched on and off using an unnatural amino acid as the cue. This stand-alone, replication-controllable attenuated HIV-1 virus represents an important step toward the generation of a safe and efficacious live-attenuated HIV-1 vaccine. The strategy reported in this work can be adopted for the development of other live-attenuated vaccines

A funnel plot of studies conducted on the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in mainland China.

<p>A funnel plot of studies conducted on the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in mainland China.</p

A forest plot displaying the pooled prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the diabetic population of mainland China.

<p>A forest plot displaying the pooled prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the diabetic population of mainland China.</p