A Well-Defined Cyclotriphosphazene-Based Epoxy Monomer and Its Application as A Novel Epoxy Resin: Synthesis, Curing Behaviors, and Flame Retardancy

<div><p></p><p>A novel cyclotriphosphazene-based epoxy monomer, hexa-[4-(glycidyloxycarbonyl) phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene (HGCP), was synthesized via a four-step synthetic route, and fully characterized by ¹H, ¹³C, and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Thermosetting systems based on HGCP with three curing agents, for example, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS), 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), and dicyandiamide (DICY), were used for making a comparison of their thermal curing behaviors. The curing behaviors were measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Moreover, flame retardancy of HGCP thermosetting systems was estimated by Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and Vertical Burning Test (UL-94). The resulting HGCP thermosetting systems exhibited better flame retardancy than the common epoxy resins diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and the regular brominated bisphenol A epoxy resin (TBBA) cured by DDS, respectively. When HGCP was cured by DDS, its thermosetting system gave the most char residues, met the UL-94 V-0 classification, and had a limiting oxygen index value greater than 35.</p> </div

MOESM1 of Anti-inflammatory activities of Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) and San-Miao-San supplements in MRL/lpr mice for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus

Additional file 1. Ethical approval document of animal experiments

Utility of Surface Pollen Assemblages to Delimit Eastern Eurasian Steppe Types

<div><p>Modern pollen records have been used to successfully distinguish between specific prairie types in North America. Whether the pollen records can be used to detect the occurrence of Eurasian steppe, or even to further delimit various steppe types was until now unclear. Here we characterized modern pollen assemblages of meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe from eastern Eurasia along an ecological humidity gradient. The multivariate ordination of the pollen data indicated that Eurasian steppe types could be clearly differentiated. The different steppe types could be distinguished primarily by xerophilous elements in the pollen assemblages. Redundancy analysis indicated that the relative abundances of <i>Ephedra</i>, <i>Tamarix</i>, <i>Nitraria</i> and Zygophyllaceae were positively correlated with aridity. The relative abundances of <i>Ephedra</i> increased from meadow steppe to typical steppe and desert steppe. <i>Tamarix</i> and Zygophyllaceae were found in both typical steppe and desert steppe, but not in meadow steppe. <i>Nitraria</i> was only found in desert steppe. The relative abundances of xerophilous elements were greater in desert steppe than in typical steppe. These findings indicate that Eurasian steppe types can be differentiated based on recent pollen rain.</p></div

Scatter plots of C/A ratio (A) and the relative abundance of xerophilous elements (B) versus aridity gradient.

<p>Results of linear regression are shown (<i>R</i>^<i>2</i>, <i>P</i> and fitted lines).</p

Maps showing the sampling localities of 3 steppe types in Inner Mongolia, eastern Eurasia.

<p>A. Map showing the extent of the Eurasian steppe from <a href="http://davidderrick.files.wordpress.com" target="_blank">http://davidderrick.files.wordpress.com</a>. B. Map showing the extent of Inner Mongolia, and the surface soil sampling sites (▲); red lines are the isolines of mean annual humidity (redrawn from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119412#pone.0119412.ref030" target="_blank">30</a>]). Scale bar represents 200 km. C, D and E represent images of meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe respectively.</p

The list of the palynomorphs and their relative abundances of temperate forest in Dongling Mountain, Beijing, northern China.

<p>Note: S RA are the relative abundances of palynomorphs in surface pollen assemblages, where A RA are those in airborne pollen assemblages.</p><p>The list of the palynomorphs and their relative abundances of temperate forest in Dongling Mountain, Beijing, northern China.</p