Expression levels of six up-regulated detoxification genes verified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR.

<p>Each bar represented the mean of three biological replicates, each performed in triplicate. Error bars indicated the standard errors from the mean. Data were normalized to the expression of β-actin and GADPH. Different letter indicated significant difference (P≤0.05) in the expression levels between strains based on a two-sample <i>t</i>-test. </p

Analysis of semi-quantitative RT-PCR data and comparison of the expression levels of 176 detoxification genes between selected resistant strain JH-del at G4 and the susceptible JHS at G30.

<p>The band intensities were quantified using densitometry and normalized toβ-actin. Pair-wise comparisons were performed between susceptible JHS and selected resistant strain JH-del-G4. Scatter plots showed the expression ratio (x-axis) and the statistical significance, expressed as the negative log scale of the <i>p</i> -value of the <i>t</i> -test of the fold change between JH-del-G4 and JHS (y -axis). Significantly overexpressed genes (≥2-fold) in JH-del-G4 are indicated by open circles. A, B, C and D showed the expression ratio of 71 P450, 56 CE, 63 PE and 12 GST genes respectively. The values were presented as mean±SE based on three replicates.</p

The dynamics of deltamethrin resistance in <i>Laodelphax striatellus</i> during susceptibility recovery and resistance selection.

<p>Error bars represent standard errors of the means of three independent replicates.</p

Analysis of semi-quantitative RT-PCR data and comparison of the expression levels of 176 detoxification genes between selected resistant strain JH-del at G30 and the susceptible JHS at G30.

<p>The band intensities were quantified using densitometry and normalized toβ-actin. Pair-wise comparisons were performed between susceptible JHS and selected resistant strain JH-del. Scatter plots showed the expression ratio (x-axis) and the statistical significance, expressed as the negative log scale of the p -value of the t -test of the fold change between JH-del and JHS (y -axis). Significantly overexpressed genes (≥2-fold) in JH-del are indicated by open circles. A, B, C and D showed the expression ratio of 71 P450, 56 CE, 63 PE and 12 GST genes respectively. The values were presented as mean±SE based on three replicates.</p

Table_2_Chemoreception of Mouthparts: Sensilla Morphology and Discovery of Chemosensory Genes in Proboscis and Labial Palps of Adult Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).XLSX

<p>Siphoning mouthparts, consisting of proboscis and labial palps, are the exclusive feeding organs and important chemosensory organs in most adult Lepidoptera. In this study, the general morphology of the mouthpart organs and precision architecture of the proboscis was described in adult Helicoverpa armigera. Three major sensilla types with nine subtypes including three novel subtypes were identified. The novel sensilla styloconica subtype 2 was the only one having a multiporous structure, which may play olfactory roles. For further understanding of the chemosensory functions of mouthpart organs, we conducted transcriptome analysis on labial palps and proboscises. A total of 84 chemosensory genes belonging to six different families including 4 odorant receptors (ORs), 6 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 7 gustatory receptors (GRs), 39 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 26 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) were identified. Furthermore, eight OBPs and six CSPs were identified as the novel genes. The expression level of candidate chemosensory genes in the proboscis and labial palps was evaluated by the differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, and the expression of candidate chemosensory receptor genes in different tissues was further investigated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). All the candidate receptors were detected by DEG analysis and qRT-PCR, but only a small part of the OR or IR genes was specifically or partially expressed in proboscis or labial palps, such as HarmOR58 and HarmIR75p.1, however, most of the GRs were abundantly expressed in proboscis or labial palps. The reported CO₂ receptors such as HarmGR1, GR2, and GR3 were mainly expressed in labial palps. HarmGR5, GR6, and GR8, belonging to the “sugar receptor” clade, were mainly expressed in proboscis or antenna and were therefore suggested to perceive saccharide. The results suggest that the mouthparts are mutually cooperative but functionally concentrated system. These works contribute to the understanding of chemical signal recognition in mouthpart organs and provide the foundation for further functional studies.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Chemoreception of Mouthparts: Sensilla Morphology and Discovery of Chemosensory Genes in Proboscis and Labial Palps of Adult Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).DOCX

<p>Siphoning mouthparts, consisting of proboscis and labial palps, are the exclusive feeding organs and important chemosensory organs in most adult Lepidoptera. In this study, the general morphology of the mouthpart organs and precision architecture of the proboscis was described in adult Helicoverpa armigera. Three major sensilla types with nine subtypes including three novel subtypes were identified. The novel sensilla styloconica subtype 2 was the only one having a multiporous structure, which may play olfactory roles. For further understanding of the chemosensory functions of mouthpart organs, we conducted transcriptome analysis on labial palps and proboscises. A total of 84 chemosensory genes belonging to six different families including 4 odorant receptors (ORs), 6 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 7 gustatory receptors (GRs), 39 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 26 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) were identified. Furthermore, eight OBPs and six CSPs were identified as the novel genes. The expression level of candidate chemosensory genes in the proboscis and labial palps was evaluated by the differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, and the expression of candidate chemosensory receptor genes in different tissues was further investigated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). All the candidate receptors were detected by DEG analysis and qRT-PCR, but only a small part of the OR or IR genes was specifically or partially expressed in proboscis or labial palps, such as HarmOR58 and HarmIR75p.1, however, most of the GRs were abundantly expressed in proboscis or labial palps. The reported CO₂ receptors such as HarmGR1, GR2, and GR3 were mainly expressed in labial palps. HarmGR5, GR6, and GR8, belonging to the “sugar receptor” clade, were mainly expressed in proboscis or antenna and were therefore suggested to perceive saccharide. The results suggest that the mouthparts are mutually cooperative but functionally concentrated system. These works contribute to the understanding of chemical signal recognition in mouthpart organs and provide the foundation for further functional studies.</p

Table_1_Chemoreception of Mouthparts: Sensilla Morphology and Discovery of Chemosensory Genes in Proboscis and Labial Palps of Adult Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).XLSX

<p>Siphoning mouthparts, consisting of proboscis and labial palps, are the exclusive feeding organs and important chemosensory organs in most adult Lepidoptera. In this study, the general morphology of the mouthpart organs and precision architecture of the proboscis was described in adult Helicoverpa armigera. Three major sensilla types with nine subtypes including three novel subtypes were identified. The novel sensilla styloconica subtype 2 was the only one having a multiporous structure, which may play olfactory roles. For further understanding of the chemosensory functions of mouthpart organs, we conducted transcriptome analysis on labial palps and proboscises. A total of 84 chemosensory genes belonging to six different families including 4 odorant receptors (ORs), 6 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 7 gustatory receptors (GRs), 39 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 26 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) were identified. Furthermore, eight OBPs and six CSPs were identified as the novel genes. The expression level of candidate chemosensory genes in the proboscis and labial palps was evaluated by the differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, and the expression of candidate chemosensory receptor genes in different tissues was further investigated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). All the candidate receptors were detected by DEG analysis and qRT-PCR, but only a small part of the OR or IR genes was specifically or partially expressed in proboscis or labial palps, such as HarmOR58 and HarmIR75p.1, however, most of the GRs were abundantly expressed in proboscis or labial palps. The reported CO₂ receptors such as HarmGR1, GR2, and GR3 were mainly expressed in labial palps. HarmGR5, GR6, and GR8, belonging to the “sugar receptor” clade, were mainly expressed in proboscis or antenna and were therefore suggested to perceive saccharide. The results suggest that the mouthparts are mutually cooperative but functionally concentrated system. These works contribute to the understanding of chemical signal recognition in mouthpart organs and provide the foundation for further functional studies.</p

Alignments of selected sequences from GenBank and EST entries sharing high identity with HaSE2.

<p>The sequence on the top line is the consensus sequence of the HaSE2 family. Putative flanking direct repeats are indicated in lowercase and boxed. Nucleotides shaded in black are conserved across sequences. These sequences were derived from the following GenBank entries: HsSE2.1 and HsSE2.2, GQ332573; SfSE2.1, FP340417; SfSE2.2, FP340410; SfSE2.3, FP340416; HvSE2.1, GT188659; HvSE2.2, GT212998; HvSE2.3, HO703137; HvSE2.4, GR967973; HvSE2.5, GT132665; HvSE2.6, GT211688; SlittSE2.1, FQ015582; SlituSE2.1, GW413639; DpSE2.1, EY265072; AgSE2.1, GW550229.</p

Alignments of selected sequences from GenBank entries sharing high identity with HaSE1.

<p>The sequence on the top line is the consensus sequence of the HaSE1 family. Putative flanking direct repeats are indicated in lowercase and boxed. Nucleotides shaded in black are conserved across sequences. These sequences were derived from the following GenBank entries: HzSE1.1 and HzSE1.2, DQ788840; HsSE1.1, GQ332573.</p

Alignments of the identified HaSE3 sequences in insect species other than <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i>.

<p>The sequence on the top line is the consensus sequence of the HaSE3 family. Putative flanking direct repeats are indicated in lowercase and boxed. Nucleotides shaded in black are conserved across sequences. GenBank entries for these sequences were shown in the text.</p