Urinary isoflavones levels after isoflavone daidzein challenge (µmol/24 hours).

<p>Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. DHA denotes dihydrodaidzein; O-DMA denotes O-desmethylangolensin;</p><p>*denotes significant difference between producers and non-producers by t-test (P<0.05).</p

Demographic, reproductive and lifestyle characteristics of participants by equol and O-DMA phenotypes.

<p>Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables or number (%) for categorical variables. T-test was applied for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables. HRT indicates hormone replacement treatment; FFQ indicates food frequency questionnaires; PA indicates physical activity; Regular drinking means drinking alcohol, tea or coffee more than 1 time per week; METs are multiples of resting metabolic rates and a MET-minute is computed by multiplying the MET score of an activity by the minutes performed. Dietary nutrients intakes were calculated mainly based on the China Food Composition Table 2002 and 2004.</p>#<p>denotes testing by non-parametric Mann-Whitney Test due to data heterogeneity;</p><p>*denotes significant difference between producers and non-producers by t-test (P<0.05).</p

Comparison of body composition, blood pressure and serum biochemical markers in low and high isoflavones consumers by ODMA phenotypes.

<p>Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Skewed variables or variables with heterogeneity in variance (body fat%, serum glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and high sensitivity C-reactive protein) were corrected by log transformation and reported arithmetic means± standard deviation. BMI indicates body mass index; WC indicates waist circumference; HC indicates hip circumference; WHR indicates waist to hip ratio; DBP and SBP indicates diastolic and systolic blood pressure; FG indicates fasting glucose; TC indicates total cholesterol; TG indicates triglycerides; HDL-C indicates HDL-cholesterol; LDL-C indicates LDL-cholesterol; hs-CRP indicates high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; FFA indicates free fatty acid;</p><p>*indicates significant difference between high and low isoflavones intake groups by general linear model (GLM) by adjustment for potential confounders (P<0.05). For markers of body composition and blood pressure, the adjusted variables include age, menopausal year, sports physical activity, dietary energy, fat, isoflavones and equol producing status; For other CVD biomarkers, the adjusted variables include age, menopausal years, sports physical activity, dietary energy, fat, isoflavones, BMI and equol producing status.</p

Comparison of body composition, blood pressure and serum biochemical markers in low and high isoflavones consumers by equol phenotypes.

<p>Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Skewed variables or variables with heterogeneity in variance (body fat%, serum glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and high sensitivity C-reactive protein) were corrected by log transformation and reported arithmetic means± standard deviation. BMI indicates body mass index; WC indicates waist circumference; HC indicates hip circumference; WHR indicates waist to hip ratio; DBP and SBP indicates diastolic and systolic blood pressure; FG indicates fasting glucose; TC indicates total cholesterol; TG indicates triglycerides; HDL-C indicates HDL-cholesterol; LDL-C indicates LDL-cholesterol; hs-CRP indicates high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; FFA indicates free fatty acid;</p><p>*indicates significant difference between high and low isoflavones intake groups by general linear model (GLM) (P<0.05)by adjustment for potential confounders. For markers of body composition and blood pressure, the adjusted variables include age, menopausal year, sports physical activity, dietary energy, fat, isoflavones and ODMA producing status; For other CVD biomarkers, the adjusted variables include age, menopausal years, sports physical activity, dietary energy, fat, isoflavones, BMI and ODMA producing status.</p

Urinary Sodium Excretion and Dietary Sources of Sodium Intake in Chinese Postmenopausal Women with Prehypertension

<div><p>Background</p><p>Reducing salt intake in communities is one of the most effective and affordable public health strategies to prevent hypertension, stroke and renal disease. The present study aimed to determine the sodium intake in Hong Kong Chinese postmenopausal women and identify the major food sources contributing to sodium intake and urine excretion.</p><p>Methods</p><p>This was a cross-sectional study among 655 Chinese postmenopausal women with prehypertension who were screened for a randomized controlled trial. Data collection included 24 h urine collection for the measurement of sodium, potassium and creatinine, 3-day dietary records, anthropometric measures and questionnaire survey on demographic data and dietary habits.</p><p>Results</p><p>The average salt intake estimated from urinary excretion was 7.8±3.2 g/d with 82.1% women above WHO recommendation of 5 g/day. Food groups as soup (21.6%), rice and noodles (13.5%), baked cereals (12.3%), salted/preserved foods (10.8%), Chinese dim sum (10.2%) and sea foods (10.1%) were the major contributors of non-discretionary salt. Discretionary salt use in cooking made a modest contribution to overall intake. Vegetable and fruit intake, age, sodium intake from salted foods, sea foods and soup were the independent determinants of urinary sodium excretion.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Our data revealed a significant room for reduction of the sodium intake. Efforts to reduce sodium from diets in Hong Kong Chinese postmenopausal women should focus on both processed foods and discretionary salt during cooking. Sodium reduction in soup and increase in fruit intake would be potentially effective strategy for reducing sodium.</p></div

Characteristics of participants.

<p>Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables or number (%) for categorical variables. BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist to hip ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Hypertension: SBP≥140 mm Hg, DBP≥90 mm Hg, or both; Na, sodium; K, potassium; Cr, creatinine. Dietary analyses were from food frequency questionnaires. 1 rice bowl of vegetable is equal to 200 g; 1 small bowl of fruit is equal to 100 g.</p

Sodium and potassium intake estimated by dietary records and 24

<p><5 g salt/d: WHO recommendation; <5.8 g salt/d (2300 mg sodium/d): American CDC and FDA recommendation; <6 g salt/d: Chinese Nutrition Society recommendation; The conversion factor of salt from g/d to mmol/d is to multiply 17.1.</p

Stepwise regression analysis with creatinine adjusted 24

<p>BMI, body mass index; β, standardized coefficient; SE, standard error;</p><p>Only dependent variables with P<0.05 were shown. Variables excluded include: body mass index (BMI), dietary energy (by FFQ), dietary sodium intake from bread, Chinese dim sum, animal meat, rice and noodles, and self-reported additional salt intake.</p

Pearson correlations and partial correlations (controlling for age, weight and dietary energy) between salt intake and 24 h urinary sodium excretion.

#<p>The salt taste preference was in comparison with general restaurants, 1 to 5 categories corresponded to saltiest to least salty taste;</p>†<p>Total salt intake was estimated from both non-discretionary salt (3 days dietary records) and discretionary salt (additional salt intake); Na, sodium; Cr, creatinine; Cr corrected Na excretion, urinary sodium to creatinine ratio;</p><p>*, p<0.05;</p><p>**, P<0.01.</p

Associations between location and decreasing CRF tertiles and increasing MRS tertiles.

<p>Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval; CRF, cardiorespiratory fitness; MRS, metabolic risk score; OR, odds ratio.</p><p>Adjusted for gender, age, pubertal stage, SES, parental BMI, and parental smoking.</p><p>*: p<0.05.</p><p>**: p<0.01.</p><p>Associations between location and decreasing CRF tertiles and increasing MRS tertiles.</p