Does human imitate successful behaviors immediately?

The emergence and abundance of cooperation in animal and human societies is a challenging puzzle to evolutionary biology. Over the past decades, various mechanisms have been suggested which are capable of supporting cooperation. Imitation dynamics, however, are the most representative microscopic rules of human behaviors on studying these mechanisms. Their standard procedure is to choose the agent to imitate at random from the population. In the spatial version this means a random agent from the neighborhood. Hence, imitation rules do not include the possibility to explore the available strategies, and then they have the possibility to reach a homogeneous state rapidly when the population size is small. To prevent evolution stopping, theorists allow for random mutations in addition to the imitation dynamics. Consequently, if the microscopic rules involve both imitation and mutation, the frequency of agents switching to the more successful strategy must be higher than that of them transiting to the same target strategy via mutation dynamics. Here we show experimentally that the frequency of switching to successful strategy approximates to that of mutating to the same strategy. This suggests that imitation might play an insignificant role on the behaviors of human decision making. In addition, our experiments show that the probabilities of agents mutating to different target strategies are significantly distinct. The actual mutation theories cannot give us an appropriate explanation to the experimental results. Hence, we argue that the mutation dynamics might have evolved for other reasons

Research on Knowledge Organization Process Based on Knowledge Unit

Data is exploding in the age of big data, and the users’ requirements for knowledge organization level are increasing day by day. Aimed to the characteristics of problem and the data to solve the problem which are multiple, redundant, complex, chaotic and new, the traditional first organizing mode could not solve the users’ problems effectively. Therefore, in this paper question driven construct the knowledge organization from the macro level, with the help of knowledge granularity and knowledge unit to design its process, and knowledge is stored on knowledge warehouse through the navigation of question to acquire, order, associate, regenerate and apply the knowledge unit. According to the different types of problems, the knowledge unit network is built oriented to the question based on node of knowledge unit and tie of knowledge relation. Mine the evolution rule from question to knowledge unit and question answered, promote the generation of the new knowledge unit. Ultimately knowledge service is provided for the application of water information efficiently and actively, with promoting the sharing, innovation and application of knowledge

(E)-1-[1-(4-Chloro­phen­yl)eth­yl]-3,5-dimethyl-N-nitro-1,3,5-triazinan-2-imine

In the title compound, C13H18ClN5O2, the 1,3,5-triazinane ring exhibits an envelope conformation with an E form. The chloro­phenyl ring and the nitro group are each twisted with respect to the mean plane of the triazinane ring, making dihedral angles of 67.30 (9) and 83.54 (8)°, respectively. In the crystal, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds build up a corrugated layer parallel to the (101) plane

A multivariate cointegration time series model and its applications in analysing stock markets in China

This paper explores nonlinear cointegration between Chinese mainland stock markets and Hong Kong stock market in a multivariate framework for the period January, 1998 to December, 2014 by a nonparametric method. The local linear kernel smoothing method is developed to estimate the unknown function, and the practical problem of implementation is also addressed. Then, a simple nonparametric version of a bootstrap test is adapted for testing misspecification. Furthermore, Some Monte Carlo experiments are presented to examine the finite sample performance of the proposed procedure. Finally, the stock markets data set is discussed in detail by using proposed procedures, showing that Shanghai Stock Index (SHSI) and Shenzhen Component Index (SZCI) can affect Hang Seng Index (HSI), and the influence appears to be a strong nonlinear characteristics

(R P,R P)-Bis[(3-menthyloxy)(phenyl)­phosphino­yl] disulfide

The molecule of the title compound, C32H48O4P2S2, has 2 symmetry, the mid-point of the S—S bond being located on a twofold rotation axis. The two tetra­hedral P units are linked by a S—S bond with a P—S—S—P torsion angle is 131.19 (6)°. The dihedral angle between two phenyl rings is 12.66 (13)°. The cyclo­hexane ring of the menthoxyl group displays a chair conformation. Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal structure

Experimental analysis of the effect of the ramp slopes on the maximum exceedance temperature in a branched tunnel fire

This research aims to establish a series of small-scale experiments to analyze the effect of ramp slopes on the temperature distribution of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) fire in a model branched tunnel under longitudinal ventilation. The heat release rate under experimental conditions reached 2.57 kW to 7.70 kW and five ramp slopes of 0 %, 3 %, 5 %, 7 % and 9 % were conducted. For a specific given bifurcation angle, the maximum exceedance temperature of the fire in the expanding region before the bifurcation angle is measured and analysed. Results show that the maximum exceedance temperature in the main tunnel increases as the ramp slope decreases, which is mainly because the stack effect enhances the entrainment of the air and accelerates the smoke flow. Furthermore, the modified model of the maximum exceedance temperature, which could consider the influence of ramp slope for a branch tunnel fire is established according to the experimental results. The predicted results agree well with those of the experimental study for the main tunnel. The results could provide a reference and contribute to the knowledge of smoke extraction strategies designed for branched tunnels