Imaging of the Space-time Structure of a Vortex Generator in Supersonic Flow

AbstractThe fine space-time structure of a vortex generator (VG) in supersonic flow is studied with the nanoparticle-based planar laser scattering (NPLS) method in a quiet supersonic wind tunnel. The fine coherent structure at the symmetrical plane of the flow field around the VG is imaged with NPLS. The spatial structure and temporal evolution characteristics of the vortical structure are analyzed, which demonstrate periodic evolution and similar geometry, and the characteristics of rapid movement and slow change. Because the NPLS system yields the flow images at high temporal and spatial resolutions, from these images the position of a large scale structure can be extracted precisely. The position and velocity of the large scale structures can be evaluated with edge detection and correlation algorithms. The shocklet structures induced by vortices are imaged, from which the generation and development of shocklets are discussed in this paper

Bacillus velezensis LG37: Functional verification of GlnL and analysis of the ammonia assimilation metabolic pathway

High concentrations of ammonia have toxic effects on bred animals. In aquaculture, the possibility of using Bacillus preparations to remove ammonia nitrogen in aquaculture water through assimilation has been generally recognized. In this study, to analyze the metabolic pathways of ammonia assimilation in Bacillus, the characteristics and pathways of ammonia assimilation of Bacillus velezensis LG37 stored in the laboratory were analyzed. The results showed that the rate of ammonia assimilation by LG37 in a minimal medium could reach 94.2% at 20 h, and the highest assimilation rate was 95.4% within 60 h. In a minimal medium, the growth rate of LG37 in the glutamine group was significantly faster than that in the ammonia group, but the expression of glnL showed opposite results. The gene expression level of glnL in the ammonia group was significantly higher than in the glutamine group. glnL overexpression (OEglnL) and deletion (ΔglnL) strains were constructed by CRISPR/Cas9 technology and using the pHT1K vector, respectively. The expression levels of glnL in LG37, OEglnL, and ΔglnL strains were determined by RT-qPCR. The glnL gene expression levels were ordered as follows: OEglnL > LG37 > ΔglnL. In all three strains (LG37, ΔglnL, and OEglnL) and at different ammonia concentrations, the expression levels of glnL were consistent with glnA and glnB levels, showing a positive correlation. However, the expression levels of glnK and glnR in different strains hardly changed significantly

Machine learning-based construction of a ferroptosis and necroptosis associated lncRNA signature for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in hepatocellular cancer

IntroductionLiver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), one of the most common malignancies worldwide, occurs with high incidence and mortality. Ferroptosis and necroptosis are critically associated with LIHC prognosis. Some long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to induce ferroptosis and necroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.MethodsCox regression analysis was used to construct a risk model for LIHC based on differentially expressed ferroptosis and necroptosis related lncRNAs (F-NLRs), and their expression in SMMC7721, HepG2 and WRL68 cells was detected by qPCR.ResultsFive F-NLRs were associated with LIHC prognosis, including KDM4A-AS1, ZFPM2-AS1, AC099850.3, MKLN1-AS, and BACE1-AS. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that patients with LIHC in the high-risk group were associated with poor prognosis. The combined F-NLR signature model demonstrated a prognostic AUC value of 0.789 and was more accurate than standard clinical variables for predicting LIHC prognosis. T cell functions and immunotherapy responses differed significantly between patients in the low- and high-risk groups. Additionally, immune checkpoints and m6A-related genes were differentially expressed between patients in the two risk groups. Furthermore, proteins encoded by the five F-NLRs were overexpressed in four liver cancer cell lines compared to that in human liver cell line WRL68. Pan-cancer examination revealed that expression levels of the five F-NLRs differed between most common tumor types and normal tissues.ConclusionF-NLRs identified in this study provide a predictive signature representing ferroptosis and necroptosis in LIHC, which correlated well with patient prognosis, clinicopathological characteristics, and immunotherapy responses. The study findings help to elucidate the mechanisms of F-NLRs in LIHC and provide further guidance for the selection and development of immunotherapeutic agents for LIHC

Advancements and challenges in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic research on the traditional Chinese medicine saponins: a comprehensive review

Recent research on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) saponin pharmacokinetics has revealed transformative breakthroughs and challenges. The multicomponent nature of TCM makes it difficult to select representative indicators for pharmacokinetic studies. The clinical application of saponins is limited by their low bioavailability and short half-life, resulting in fluctuating plasma concentrations. Future directions should focus on novel saponin compounds utilizing colon-specific delivery and osmotic pump systems to enhance oral bioavailability. Optimizing drug combinations, such as ginsenosides with aspirin, shows therapeutic potential. Rigorous clinical validation is essential for practical applications. This review emphasizes a transformative era in saponin research, highlighting the need for clinical validation. TCM saponin pharmacokinetics, guided by traditional principles, are in development, utilizing multidisciplinary approaches for a comprehensive understanding. This research provides a theoretical basis for new clinical drugs and supports rational clinical medication