Use of saline aquaculture wastewater to irrigate salt-tolerant Jerusalem artichoke and sunflower in semiarid coastal zones of China

In 2004 and 2005, the feasibility of agricultural use of saline aquaculture wastewater for irrigation of Jerusalem artichoke and sunflower was conducted in the Laizhou region using saline aquaculture wastewater mixed with brackish groundwater at different ratios. Six treatments with different electrical conductivities (EC) were included in the experiment: CK1 (rainfed), CK2 (irrigation with freshwater, EC of 0.02 dS m-1), and saline aquaculture wastewater (EC of 39.2 dS m-1) mixed with brackish groundwater (EC of 4.4 dS m-1) at volumetric ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 with corresponding EC of 22.0, 16.1, 13.2, and 11.4 dS m-1. Soil electrical conductivity (ECe) in the saline aquaculture wastewater irrigation treatments was significantly higher (P Jerusalem artichoke Sunflower Saline aquaculture wastewater irrigation Yield Nutrient removal

Spatio-Temporal Differences in Nitrogen Reduction Rates under Biotic and Abiotic Processes in River Water of the Taihu Basin, China

Understanding spatio-temporal differences in nitrogen (N) transformation, transport and reduction rates in water bodies is critical to achieve effective mitigation of river eutrophication. We performed culture experiments in six rivers in the Taihu Basin using a custom made in-situ experimental apparatus. We investigated spatio-temporal differences in reduce processes and rates of different N forms and assessed the contribution of biological processes to dissolved inorganic N (DIN) reduce. Results showed that biological processes played a major role in N reduction in summer, while non-microbial processes were dominant in winter. We observed significant spatial and temporal differences in the studied mechanisms, with reduction rates of different N compounds being significantly higher in summer and autumn than spring and winter. Reduction rates ranged from 105.4 ± 25.3 to 1458.8 ± 98.4 mg·(m3·d)−1 for total N, 33.1 ± 12.3 to 440.9 ± 33.1 mg·(m3·d)−1 for ammonium, 56.3 ± 22.7 to 332.1 ± 61.9 mg·(m3·d)−1 for nitrate and 0.4 ± 0.3 to 31.8 ± 9.0 mg·(m3·d)−1 for nitrite across four seasons. Mean DIN reduction rates with and without microbial activity were 96.0 ± 46.4 mg·(m3·d)−1 and 288.1 ± 67.8 mg·(m3·d)−1, respectively, with microbial activity rates accounting for 29.7% of the DIN load and 2.2% of the N load. Results of correlation and principal component analysis showed that the main factors influencing N processing were the concentrations of different N forms and multiple environmental factors in spring, N concentrations, DO and pH in summer, N concentrations and water velocity in autumn and N concentrations in winter

The effects of various NaCl concentrations on the osmolyte contents of <i>Salvia miltiorrhiza</i> leaves.

<p>The osmolyte contents measured in the experiment include the soluble protein and soluble sugar contents. <i>Salvia miltiorrhiza</i> seedlings were cultivated in 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution for 3 weeks and were later exposed to salt stress by adding NaCl up to 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM of the hydroponic solution for 30 days. Non-treated plants were used as controls (0 mM NaCl). Error bars represent the standard errors (SE) of the means.</p

The effects of various NaCl concentrations on the plant height, root length, fresh weight and dry weight of <i>Salvia miltiorrhiza</i> seedlings.

<p>The seedlings were cultivated in 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution for 3 weeks and were later exposed to salt stress by adding NaCl to concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM of the hydroponic solution for 30 days. Non-treated plants were used as controls (0 mM NaCl). Each value represents the mean of three replicates. Treatments with the same letters are not statistically different (P≥0.05).</p

Multiple NUCLEAR FACTOR Y Transcription Factors Respond to Abiotic Stress in <i>Brassica napus</i> L

<div><p>Members of the plant NUCLEAR FACTOR Y (NF-Y) family are composed of the NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC subunits. In <i>Brassica napus</i> (canola), each of these subunits forms a multimember subfamily. Plant NF-Ys were reported to be involved in several abiotic stresses. In this study, we demonstrated that multiple members of thirty three <i>BnNF-Y</i>s responded rapidly to salinity, drought, or ABA treatments. Transcripts of five <i>BnNF-YA</i>s, seven <i>BnNF-YB</i>s, and two <i>BnNF-YC</i>s were up-regulated by salinity stress, whereas the expression of thirteen <i>BnNF-YA</i>s, ten <i>BnNF-YB</i>s, and four <i>BnNF-YC</i>s were induced by drought stress. Under NaCl treatments, the expression of one <i>BnNF-YA10</i> and four <i>NF-YB</i>s (BnNF-YB3, BnNF-YB7, BnNF-YB10, and BnNF-YB14) were greatly increased. Under PEG treatments, the expression levels of four <i>NF-YA</i>s (BnNF-YA9, BnNF-YA10, BnNF-YA11, and BnNF-YA12) and five <i>NF-YB</i>s (BnNF-YB1, BnNF-YB8, BnNF-YB10, BnNF-YB13, and BnNF-YB14) were greatly induced. The expression profiles of 20 of the 27 salinity- or drought-induced <i>BnNF-Y</i>s were also affected by ABA treatment. The expression levels of six <i>NF-YA</i>s (BnNF-YA1, BnNF-YA7, BnNF-YA8, BnNF-YA9, BnNF-YA10, and BnNF-YA12<i>)</i> and seven <i>BnNF-YB</i> members (BnNF-YB2, BnNF-YB3, BnNF-YB7, BnNF-YB10, BnNF-YB11, BnNF-YB13, and BnNF-YB14) and two <i>NF-YC</i> members (BnNF-YC2 and BnNF-YC3) were greatly up-regulated by ABA treatments. Only a few <i>BnNF-Y</i>s were inhibited by the above three treatments. Several NF-Y subfamily members exhibited collinear expression patterns. The promoters of all stress-responsive <i>BnNF-Y</i>s harbored at least two types of stress-related <i>cis</i>-elements, such as ABRE, DRE, MYB, or MYC. The <i>cis</i>-element organization of <i>BnNF-Ys</i> was similar to that of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana,</i> and the promoter regions exhibited higher levels of nucleotide sequence identity with <i>Brassica rapa</i> than with <i>Brassica oleracea</i>. This work represents an entry point for investigating the roles of canola NF-Y proteins during abiotic stress responses and provides insight into the genetic evolution of <i>Brassica</i> NF-Ys.</p></div

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Correlation in expression levels of the three BnNF-Y subfamily members.

<p>Correlated gene expression under salinity (A); drought (B); and ABA (C) treatments. Relative expression levels including 8 data points (relative NF-Y gene expression levels with and without treatments at 1<b> </b>h or 3<b> </b>h compared to the same 0-h samples) are used for each gene according to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111354#pone.0111354.s001" target="_blank">Fig. S1</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111354#pone.0111354.s002" target="_blank">S2</a>, and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111354#pone.0111354.s003" target="_blank">S3</a>. These data were fitted using linear regression analysis.</p

Phylogenetic trees of <i>Brassica</i> and <i>Arabidopsis</i> NF-Y families based on the nucleotide sequences in the promoter regions.

<p>The phylogenetic trees were constructed by the neighbor-joining method implemented by MEGA software, version 4.1. The numbers at each branch point represent the bootstrap scores (1,000 replicates). A branch with a bootstrap score of below 50 was usually considered unreliable. a Phylogenetic tree of <i>Brassica</i> and <i>Arabidopsis</i> NF-YA promoters. Due to low levels of nucleotide similarity, <i>BnNF-YA4</i> homologues in <i>B. oleracea</i> were not included here. b Phylogenetic tree of <i>Brassica</i> and <i>Arabidopsis</i> NF-YB promoters. Due to low levels of nucleotide similarity, <i>BnNF-YB14</i> homologues in <i>B. oleracea</i> were not included here. c Phylogenetic tree of <i>Brassica</i> and <i>Arabidopsis</i> NF-YC promoters. Bol and Bra represent <i>B. oleracea</i> and <i>B. rapa</i>, respectively. The numbers after the species abbreviation correspond to the individual gene name. Most promoters were at least 1000<b> </b>bp in length, except for those of <i>BnNF-YA1</i> (595<b> </b>bp), <i>BnNF-YA4/5</i> (577), <i>BnNF-YA6</i> (806), <i>BnNF-YA10</i> (892), <i>BnNF-YB1</i> (519), <i>BnNF-YB7</i> (988), <i>BnNF-YB8</i> (391), and <i>BnNF-YB13</i> (867) and their homologues in <i>B. oleracea</i>, <i>B. rapa,</i> and <i>Arabidopsis</i>.</p