209 research outputs found
The Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Gene Expression Regulation
Accumulating evidence highlights that noncoding RNAs, especially the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), are critical regulators of gene expression in development, differentiation, and human diseases, such as cancers and heart diseases. The regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs have been categorized into four major archetypes: signals, decoys, scaffolds, and guides. Increasing evidence points that lncRNAs are able to regulate almost every cellular process by their binding to proteins, mRNAs, miRNA, and/or DNAs. In this review, we present the recent research advances about the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA in gene expression at various levels, including pretranscription, transcription regulation, and posttranscription regulation. We also introduce the interaction between lncRNA and DNA, RNA and protein, and the bioinformatics applications on lncRNA research
Toward Sufficient Spatial-Frequency Interaction for Gradient-aware Underwater Image Enhancement
Underwater images suffer from complex and diverse degradation, which
inevitably affects the performance of underwater visual tasks. However, most
existing learning-based Underwater image enhancement (UIE) methods mainly
restore such degradations in the spatial domain, and rarely pay attention to
the fourier frequency information. In this paper, we develop a novel UIE
framework based on spatial-frequency interaction and gradient maps, namely
SFGNet, which consists of two stages. Specifically, in the first stage, we
propose a dense spatial-frequency fusion network (DSFFNet), mainly including
our designed dense fourier fusion block and dense spatial fusion block,
achieving sufficient spatial-frequency interaction by cross connections between
these two blocks. In the second stage, we propose a gradient-aware corrector
(GAC) to further enhance perceptual details and geometric structures of images
by gradient map. Experimental results on two real-world underwater image
datasets show that our approach can successfully enhance underwater images, and
achieves competitive performance in visual quality improvement
Role of PPARs in Radiation-Induced Brain Injury
Whole-brain irradiation (WBI) represents the primary mode of
treatment for brain metastases; about 200 000 patients
receive WBI each year in the USA. Up to 50% of adult and
100% of pediatric brain cancer patients who survive >6
months post-WBI will suffer from a progressive, cognitive
impairment. At present, there are no proven long-term treatments
or preventive strategies for this significant radiation-induced
late effect. Recent studies suggest that the pathogenesis of
radiation-induced brain injury involves WBI-mediated increases in
oxidative stress and/or inflammatory responses in the brain.
Therefore, anti-inflammatory strategies can be employed to
modulate radiation-induced brain injury. Peroxisomal
proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated
transcription factors that belong to the steroid/thyroid hormone
nuclear receptor superfamily. Although traditionally known to play
a role in metabolism, increasing evidence suggests a role for
PPARs in regulating the response to inflammation and oxidative
injury. PPAR agonists have been shown to cross the blood-brain
barrier and confer neuroprotection in animal models of CNS
disorders such as stroke, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's
disease. However, the role of PPARs in radiation-induced brain
injury is unclear. In this manuscript, we review the current
knowledge and the emerging insights about the role of PPARs in
modulating radiation-induced brain injury
Saliency-Aware Spatio-Temporal Artifact Detection for Compressed Video Quality Assessment
Compressed videos often exhibit visually annoying artifacts, known as
Perceivable Encoding Artifacts (PEAs), which dramatically degrade video visual
quality. Subjective and objective measures capable of identifying and
quantifying various types of PEAs are critical in improving visual quality. In
this paper, we investigate the influence of four spatial PEAs (i.e. blurring,
blocking, bleeding, and ringing) and two temporal PEAs (i.e. flickering and
floating) on video quality. For spatial artifacts, we propose a visual saliency
model with a low computational cost and higher consistency with human visual
perception. In terms of temporal artifacts, self-attention based TimeSFormer is
improved to detect temporal artifacts. Based on the six types of PEAs, a
quality metric called Saliency-Aware Spatio-Temporal Artifacts Measurement
(SSTAM) is proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method
outperforms state-of-the-art metrics. We believe that SSTAM will be beneficial
for optimizing video coding techniques
Phenotype-Genotype analysis of caucasian patients with high risk of osteoarthritis.
Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common cause of disability and pain around the world. Epidemiologic studies of family history have revealed evidence of genetic influence on OA. Although many efforts have been devoted to exploring genetic biomarkers, the mechanism behind this complex disease remains unclear. The identified genetic risk variants only explain a small proportion of the disease phenotype. Traditional genome-wide association study (GWAS) focuses on radiographic evidence of OA and excludes sex chromosome information in the analysis. However, gender differences in OA are multifactorial, with a higher frequency in women, indicating that the chromosome X plays an essential role in OA pathology. Furthermore, the prevalence of comorbidities among patients with OA is high, indicating multiple diseases share a similar genetic susceptibility to OA. Methods: In this study, we performed GWAS of OA and OA-associated key comorbidities on 3366 OA patient data obtained from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). We performed Mendelian randomization to identify the possible causal relationship between OA and OA-related clinical features. Results: One significant OA-associated locus rs2305570 was identified through sex-specific genome-wide association. By calculating the LD score, we found OA is positively correlated with heart disease and stroke. A strong genetic correlation was observed between knee OA and inflammatory disease, including eczema, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn\u27s disease. Our study also found that knee alignment is one of the major risk factors in OA development, and we surprisingly found knee pain is not a causative factor of OA, although it was the most common symptom of OA. Conclusion: We investigated several significant positive/negative genetic correlations between OA and common chronic diseases, suggesting substantial genetic overlaps between OA and these traits. The sex-specific association analysis supports the critical role of chromosome X in OA development in females
Revealing chronic disease progression patterns using Gaussian process for stage inference.
OBJECTIVE: The early stages of chronic disease typically progress slowly, so symptoms are usually only noticed until the disease is advanced. Slow progression and heterogeneous manifestations make it challenging to model the transition from normal to disease status. As patient conditions are only observed at discrete timestamps with varying intervals, an incomplete understanding of disease progression and heterogeneity affects clinical practice and drug development.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed the Gaussian Process for Stage Inference (GPSI) approach to uncover chronic disease progression patterns and assess the dynamic contribution of clinical features. We tested the ability of the GPSI to reliably stratify synthetic and real-world data for osteoarthritis (OA) in the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI), bipolar disorder (BP) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the UTHealth and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).
RESULTS: First, GPSI identified two subgroups of OA based on image features, where these subgroups corresponded to different genotypes, indicating the bone-remodeling and overweight-related pathways. Second, GPSI differentiated BP into two distinct developmental patterns and defined the contribution of specific brain region atrophy from early to advanced disease stages, demonstrating the ability of the GPSI to identify diagnostic subgroups. Third, HCC progression patterns were well reproduced in the two independent UTHealth and TCGA datasets.
CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that an unsupervised approach can disentangle temporal and phenotypic heterogeneity and identify population subgroups with common patterns of disease progression. Based on the differences in these features across stages, physicians can better tailor treatment plans and medications to individual patients
Geometry-based spherical JND modeling for 360 display
360 videos have received widespread attention due to its realistic
and immersive experiences for users. To date, how to accurately model the user
perceptions on 360 display is still a challenging issue. In this paper,
we exploit the visual characteristics of 360 projection and display and
extend the popular just noticeable difference (JND) model to spherical JND
(SJND). First, we propose a quantitative 2D-JND model by jointly considering
spatial contrast sensitivity, luminance adaptation and texture masking effect.
In particular, our model introduces an entropy-based region classification and
utilizes different parameters for different types of regions for better
modeling performance. Second, we extend our 2D-JND model to SJND by jointly
exploiting latitude projection and field of view during 360 display.
With this operation, SJND reflects both the characteristics of human vision
system and the 360 display. Third, our SJND model is more consistent
with user perceptions during subjective test and also shows more tolerance in
distortions with fewer bit rates during 360 video compression. To
further examine the effectiveness of our SJND model, we embed it in Versatile
Video Coding (VVC) compression. Compared with the state-of-the-arts, our
SJND-VVC framework significantly reduced the bit rate with negligible loss in
visual quality
Causal Discovery in Radiographic Markers of Knee Osteoarthritis and Prediction for Knee Osteoarthritis Severity With Attention-Long Short-Term Memory.
The goal of this study is to build a prognostic model to predict the severity of radiographic knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and to identify long-term disease progression risk factors for early intervention and treatment. We designed a long short-term memory (LSTM) model with an attention mechanism to predict Kellgren/Lawrence (KL) grade for knee osteoarthritis patients. The attention scores reveal a time-associated impact of different variables on KL grades. We also employed a fast causal inference (FCI) algorithm to estimate the causal relation of key variables, which will aid in clinical interpretability. Based on the clinical information of current visits, we accurately predicted the KL grade of the patient\u27s next visits with 90% accuracy. We found that joint space narrowing was a major contributor to KOA progression. Furthermore, our causal structure model indicated that knee alignments may lead to joint space narrowing, while symptoms (swelling, grinding, catching, and limited mobility) have little impact on KOA progression. This study evaluated a broad spectrum of potential risk factors from clinical data, questionnaires, and radiographic markers that are rarely considered in previous studies. Using our statistical model, providers are able to predict the risk of the future progression of KOA, which will provide a basis for selecting proper interventions, such as proceeding to joint arthroplasty for patients. Our causal model suggests that knee alignment should be considered in the primary treatment and KOA progression was independent of clinical symptoms
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