8,428 research outputs found
Carnosol Modulates Th17 Cell Differentiation and Microglial Switch in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Medicinal plants as a rich pool for developing novel small molecule therapeutic medicine have been used for thousands of years. Carnosol as a bioactive diterpene compound originated from Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) and Salvia officinalis, herbs extensively applied in traditional medicine for the treatment of multiple autoimmune diseases (1). In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects and molecule mechanism of carnosol in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Carnosol treatment significantly alleviated clinical development in the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35–55) peptide-induced EAE model, markedly decreased inflammatory cell infiltration into the central nervous system and reduced demyelination. Further, carnosol inhibited Th17 cell differentiation and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation, and blocked transcription factor NF-κB nuclear translocation. In the passive-EAE model, carnosol treatment also significantly prevented Th17 cell pathogenicity. Moreover, carnosol exerted its therapeutic effects in the chronic stage of EAE, and, remarkably, switched the phenotypes of infiltrated macrophage/microglia. Taken together, our results show that carnosol has enormous potential for development as a therapeutic agent for autoimmune diseases such as MS
On the oscillation of solutions and existence of positive solutions of neutral difference equations
AbstractWe obtain sufficient conditions for the oscillation of all solutions and existence of positive solutions of the neutral difference equation Δ(xn + cxn − m) + pnxn − k = 0, n = 0, 1, 2, …, where c and pn are real numbers, m and k are integers, and pn, m and k are nonnegative
A quantum secret sharing scheme with verifiable function
In the threshold quantum secret sharing scheme, it is
difficult to ensure that internal participants are honest. In this paper, a
verifiable threshold quantum secret sharing scheme is
designed combined with classical secret sharing scheme. First of all, the
distributor uses the asymmetric binary polynomials to generate the shares and
sends them to each participant. Secondly, the distributor sends the initial
quantum state with the secret to the first participant, and each participant
performs unitary operation that using the mutually unbiased bases on the
obtained dimension single bit quantum state ( is a large odd prime
number). In this process, distributor can randomly check the participants, and
find out the internal fraudsters by unitary inverse operation gradually upward.
Then the secret is reconstructed after all other participants simultaneously
public transmission. Security analysis show that this scheme can resist both
external and internal attacks
Widespread Presence of Glycolaldehyde and Ethylene Glycol Around Sagittarius B2
We report the detection of widespread CHOHCHO and HOCHCHOH
emission in Galactic center giant molecular cloud Sagittarius B2 using the
Shanghai Tianma 65m Radio Telescope. Our observations show for the first time
that the spatial distribution of these two important prebiotic molecules
extends over 15 arc-minutes, corresponding to a linear size of approximately 36
pc. These two molecules are not just distributed in or near the hot cores. The
abundance of these two molecules seems to decrease from the cold outer region
to the central region associated with star-formation activity. Results present
here suggest that these two molecules are likely to form through a low
temperature process. Recent theoretical and experimental studies demonstrated
that prebiotic molecules can be efficiently formed in icy grain mantles through
several pathways. However, these complex ice features cannot be directly
observed, and most constraints on the ice compositions come from millimeter
observations of desorbed ice chemistry products. These results, combined with
laboratory studies, strongly support the existence of abundant prebiotic
molecules in ices.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures, accepted by Ap
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