Conditional QTL mapping of three yield components in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Spike number per m2 (SN), kernel number per spike (KNPS) and thousand-kernel weight (TKW) are the three main components determining wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield. To evaluate the relationships among them a doubled haploid (DH) population consisting of 168 lines grown at three locations for three years was analyzed by unconditional and conditional QTL mapping. Thirty-three unconditional QTL and fifty-nine conditional QTL were detected. Among them, two QTL (QSN-DH-2B and QSN-DH-3A-1.1) improved SN, with no effect on KNPS. QKNPS-DH-2B-2.1 improved KNPS, with no effect on SN. QKNPS-DH-1A-1.1, QKNPS-DH-2D-1.1 and QKNPS-DH-6A improved KNPS, with no effect on SN or TKW. QKNPS-DH-6B was associated with increased SN and TKW. In addition, QTKW-DH-4B, QTKW-DH-5B and QTKW-DH-7B increased TKW without decreasing KNPS. These results provide useful information for marker assisted selection (MAS) and improvement in wheat yield

FP Interferometric Optic Fiber Humidity Sensor Based on Acrylate AB Adhesive Film

In this paper, an optical fiber humidity sensor based on acrylate AB adhesive film is studied, and two methods—a bubbling method and a dual pressure assisted method—for preparing thin films are proposed. The forms will make the thin film lighter and make the sensor more sensitive. Using a glass tube to connect the acrylate AB adhesive film to the single mode optical fiber, the humidity sensor is obtained. Through humidity response experiments, the sensor’s sensitivity reaches 167.5 pm/% RH, and the response time reaches 4.8 s/% RH. At the same time, the experiments show that the sensor has good repeatability and stability. Finally, the influence of temperature on the working process is analyzed, and we provide a method for improvement through FBG

Reactions of Triticum urartu accessions to two races of the wheat yellow rust pathogen

Triticum urartu (AA, 2n = 2x = 14), a wild grass endemic to the Fertile Crescent (FC), is the progenitor of the A subgenome in common wheat. It belongs to the primary gene pool for wheat improvement. Here, we evaluated the yellow rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, Pst) reactions of 147 T. urartu accessions collected from different parts of the FC. The reactions varied from susceptibility to strong resistance. In general, there were more accessions with stronger resistance to race CYR33 than to CYR 32. In most cases the main form of defense was a moderate resistance characterized by the presence of necrotic/chlorotic lesions with fewer Pst uredinia on the leaves. Forty two accessions displayed resistance to both races. Histological analysis showed that Pst growth was abundant in the compatible interaction but significantly suppressed by the resistant response. Gene silencing mediated by Barley stripe mosaic virus was effective in two T. urartu accessions with different resistance responses, indicating that this method can expedite future functional analysis of resistance genes. Our data suggest that T. urartu is a valuable source of resistance to yellow rust, and represents a model for studying the genetic, genomic and molecular basis underlying interaction between wheat and Pst. Keywords: Common wheat, Disease resistance, Gene silencing, Puccinia striiformi

Wheat coleoptiles two days after bombardment with different plasmids.

<p>ZmC1, ZmR and ThMYC4E represent the constructs pBract214:ZmC1, pBract214:ZmR and pBract214:ThMYC4E, respectively.</p

The expression differences of structural genes and transcription factors related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in blue and white aleurones.

<p>Arrows show the metabolic stream, and the abbreviations represent the genes catalyzing the progress. The first number in the parentheses represent the number of assembled unigenes, the second number represents the number of up-regulated unigenes in blue aleurone compared with white aleurone, and the third number represents the unigenes with homologous genes residing on Chromosome 4 of <i>Triticum aestivum</i>.</p

Amino acid sequence alignment of ThMYC4E and the known anthocyanin bHLH regulators RS and Ra from maize and rice, respectively.

<p>The black lines represent the conserved bHLH-MYC_N, HLH and ACT-like domains. The accession number of these proteins (ortranslated products) areas follows in the GenBank database: Rice\Ra: AAC49219, Maize/RS: NP_001106073; and ThMYC4E: KX914905.</p

<i>ThMYC4E</i>, candidate <i>Blue aleurone 1</i> gene controlling the associated trait in <i>Triticum aestivum</i>

<div><p>Blue aleurone is a useful and interesting trait in common wheat that was derived from related species. Here, transcriptomes of blue and white aleurone were compared for isolating <i>Blue aleurone 1</i> (<i>Ba1</i>) transferred from <i>Thinopyrum ponticum</i>. In the genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, only a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, <i>ThMYC4E</i>, had a higher transcript level in blue aleurone phenotype, and was homologous to the genes on chromosome 4 of <i>Triticum aestivum</i>. <i>ThMYC4E</i> carried the characteristic domains (bHLH-MYC_N, HLH and ACT-like) of a bHLH transcription factor, and clustered with genes regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis upon phylogenetic analysis. The over-expression of <i>ThMYC4E</i> regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis with the coexpression of the MYB transcription factor <i>ZmC1</i> from maize. <i>ThMYC4E</i> existed in the genomes of the addition, substitution and near isogenic lines with the blue aleurone trait derived from <i>Th</i>. <i>ponticum</i>, and could not be detected in any germplasm of <i>T</i>. <i>urartu</i>, <i>T</i>. <i>monococcum</i>, <i>T</i>. <i>turgidum</i>, <i>Aegilops tauschii</i> or <i>T</i>. <i>aestivum</i>, with white aleurone. These results suggested that <i>ThMYC4E</i> was candidate <i>Ba1</i> gene controlling the blue aleurone trait in <i>T</i>. <i>aestivum</i> genotypes carrying <i>Th</i>. <i>ponticum</i> introgression. The <i>ThMYC4E</i> isolation aids in better understanding the genetic mechanisms of the blue aleurone trait and in its more effective use during wheat breeding.</p></div

The distribution of <i>ThMYC4E</i> in addition lines, near isogenic lines and natural populations.

<p>(A) 1–8 represent ‘Blue1’, ‘Blue2’, ‘White1’, ‘White2’, ‘Blue Norco’, ‘Sebesta Blue1’, ‘Sebesta Blue 2’ and ‘Sebesta Blue 3’, respectively. (B) 1–3 represent ‘Zhongpulanli 1’, 4–12 represent ‘i:Jimai 22 blue aleurone’ near isogenic lines, and 13–15 represent three replicates of ‘Jimai 22’.</p