Non-Abelian Kubo Formula and the Multiple Time-Scale Method

The non-Abelian Kubo formula is derived from the kinetic theory. That expression is compared with the one obtained using the eikonal for a Chern-Simons theory. The multiple time-scale method is used to solve the non-Abelian Kubo formula, and the damping rate for longitudinal color waves is computed.Comment: 18 pages, latex , to be pblished in Ann. Phys.(N,Y)(1996

Arctic Sea Ice Loss in the Pacific Sector and Its Impacts on Sudden Stratospheric Warming Events

The Arctic sea ice is a critical indicator of climate change. The extent of sea ice coverage over the Arctic Ocean has dramatically declined over the past few decades. The impact has been extensively studied through observations suggesting a linkage between the anomalously warm Arctic surface associated with the Arctic sea ice loss and the mid-latitude surface cooling in the subsequent boreal winter. This linkage could involve the wintertime stratospheric circulation by enhancing the upward planetary wave activity and weakening the polar vortex. With recent advances in climate model, more relevant studies relied on numerical simulations and some suggested that the effects of sea ice reduction on the atmospheric circulation and, in particular, on the warm Arctic-cold continent pattern at the surface are attributed to internal variability. Understanding the impact of sea ice changes on the atmospheric circulation is crucial for predicting and assessing climate changes in the coming decades as well as extreme weather. The overarching goal of this thesis is to improve our basic understanding of the physical processes that link the large-scale atmospheric circulation, particularly for Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) events, and Arctic sea ice loss. In addition, the roles of internal variabilities, namely, the Quasi-biennial Oscillation (QBO) and Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), in modulating the atmospheric response to Arctic sea ice loss are examined. To avoid conflating the effects of sea ice loss in different sectors, this dissertation solely focuses on the Chukchi-Bering Seas (i.e., the Pacific sector) where the observed autumnal Arctic sea ice extent shows the strongest decline in recent decades. Observational data record period is too short to provide statistically convincing conclusion on how the underlying mechanism works in generating a global atmospheric response. Therefore, global climate model with well-resolved stratosphere (i.e., Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6 from the National Center for Atmospheric Research) is used. Since QBO and MJO are internally generated in the model, their roles on the responses are examined. During the easterly QBO phase (EQBO), the prescribed sea ice loss, although culminating in autumn, induces a near-surface warming that persists into winter and deepens as the SSW develops. The resulting temperature contrasts foster a deep cyclonic circulation over the North Pacific, which elicits a strong upward wavenumber-2 activity into the stratosphere, reinforcing the climatological planetary wave pattern. The induced geopotential anomalies in the lower troposphere also project onto the anomalous patterns typically observed prior to SSWs. While not affecting the SSW occurrence frequency, the amplified wave forcing in the stratosphere significantly increases the SSW duration and intensity, enhancing thereafter cold air outbreaks over the Northern Hemisphere continents. However, for the westerly QBO phase (WQBO), the induced warming does not extend vertically into the middle troposphere but instead spreads horizontally prior to SSW onset. The resulting temperature contrasts weaken the precursor of SSW over the North Pacific. The other SSW precursor over the Europe is slightly strengthened. The cancelling effect leads to insignificant change of SSW duration and wind reversal intensity. The SSW occurrence frequency is significantly increased in response to Arctic sea ice loss. To this end, despite the prescribed sea ice loss being identical, the structure of temperature response is different between EQBO and WQBO. The background state, conditioned by the QBO, influences the response of SSWs to the sea ice loss. While difficult, differentiating the QBO phases may be important in understanding the stratospheric response to sea ice loss. In the climate system, there are additional factors that might modulate the atmospheric response to sea ice loss, namely the effects of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the solar cycle, and global warming. In this thesis, these factors are all excluded in the experimental design. Nevertheless, the tropical variability MJO is internally generated in WACCM6. Since the SSW precursor over North Pacific could be excited by MJO phase 7, the role of MJO is also examined. In general, MJO phase 7 occurs more frequently prior to SSW onset. However, in our experiment, there is very little difference in the MJO phase 7 response during EQBO, affirming the conclusion that strengthened SSW precursor over the North Pacific is induced by sea ice loss and autumnal sea ice loss extends the SSW duration and strengthens the accompanying stratospheric wind reversal. For WQBO, the weakened SSW precursor over the North Pacific is also mainly due to sea ice loss instead of MJO. Additionally, teleconnection patterns excited by MJO are enhanced in response to sea ice loss regardless of QBO phases

Experience of Nursing and Pipeline Maintenance before and after Implantation ECMO in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (A Case)

Objective: experience in post-implantation care and pipeline maintenance in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Methods:2020Admitted on 27 July1 Cases of severe pneumonia were transferred to severe ventilator on August 6 and to critical ECMO on August 10. Results: after active treatment, especially for the late stage of ECMO pipeline, the vital signs of the patients improved obviously and the condition gradually stabilized. Conclusion: The nursing care before and after the establishment of ECMO pipeline in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, the matters needing attention and the working experience after the establishment, It can provide a reference for the treatment of severe infectious diseases in the future

'Hierarchy of protection' and 'hierarchy of culture': the effects of copyright law on traditional music

This dissertation examines the effects of copyright law on traditional music of the marginalised communities. Traditional music of the marginalised communities has been exploited by music collectors from the dominant group, historically and contemporarily. The exploitation is often justified and legalised by the proposition that traditional music is unprotectable under copyright law, which can be described as a ‘hierarchy of protection.’ Further, traditional music of the marginalised communities is often perceived as inferior to classical or art music of the dominant groups, which can be described as a ‘hierarchy of culture.’ This dissertation aims to examine the role of copyright law in the exploitation of traditional music and in shaping the cultural perception or cultural status of traditional music. This is accomplished through a cross analysis of publishing processes and legal treatments of traditional music. Four sub-questions are examined to answer the main research question: 1) whether traditional music can be protected as musical works under three copyright requirements, originality, authorship, and fixation; 2) whether these copyright requirements are socio-cultural neutral or informed by broader industrial and cultural contexts, thus embedding cultural biases towards traditional music; 3) how traditional music was processed in music publishing and what were the relative legal consequences of these processes; 4) whether and how the compound of music publishing and copyright law influences the cultural perception of traditional music. This cross analysis facilitates the dissertation’s original contributions, including challenging the view that traditional music is unprotectable under copyright law. Theoretical patterns emerge from analysing the dynamic interaction between the ‘hierarchy of protection’ and the ‘hierarchy of culture.’ That is, copyright law has implemented the ‘hierarchy of protection’ in the legal field, thus constructing and reinforcing the ‘hierarchy of culture’ in the music field. The contributions underpin the implications of the dissertation: redressing the ‘hierarchy’ effect is essential for properly protecting traditional music against exploitation, and in the broader sense, for promoting socio-cultural equality between the dominant group and the marginalised communities

The Asymptotic Method Developed from Weak Turbulent Theory and the Nonlinear Permeability and Damping Rate in QGP

With asymptotic method developed from weak turbulent theory, the kinetic equations for QGP are expanded in fluctuation field potential $A^T_\mu$. Considering the second-order and third-order currents, we derive the nonlinear permeability tensor function from Yang-Mills field equation, and find that the third-order current is more important in turbulent theory. The nonlinear permeability formulae for longitudinal color oscillations show that the non-Abelian effects are more important than the Abelian-like effects. To compare with other works, we give the numerical result of the damping rate for the modes with zero wave vector.Comment: 16page