Environmental Factors Influencing the Durability of Concrete Structures in Maine Environments

Concrete structures built in marine environment may suffer serious durability problems. Focusing on the reaction between concrete materials and environmental conditions on structural durability, the coefficients of environmental temperature and chloride content are established. Referring to only experimental data tested following the procedure similar to the regulations in NT Build 443(Concrete, Hardened: Accelerated Chloride Penetration) of North Europe, the relationship between D28 and water/binder ratio, which are converted into equivalent values of a standard reference environmental condition at 20ºC and a concentration of 165 g ± 1 g NaCl per dm3 solution, using the established formula of coefficients of environmental temperature and chloride content, is presented. The converted results of different environmental conditions at laboratory and natural environment have a good agreement with each other, which indicates that the coefficients of environmental temperature and chloride content are reasonably determined. The ratio of wetting time per-period defined as the time proportion of concrete in wet conditions to the whole time period can be used to describe the dry-wet conditions in concrete. Analysis on the in-situ detected results shows that the penetration of chloride, the accumulation of surface chloride concentration and the decay of chloride diffusion coefficient are all related to the ratio of wetting time per-period. Subsequently, the formula of apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is proposed with consideration of surrounding temperature, sodium chloride solution concentration, age factor and altitude

Los sitios arqueológicos orientales y la composición de sus comunidades locales : el pensamiento práctico de los grandes yacimientos de Xi’an

Xi’an was chosen as capital city by 13 Chinese dynasties and regimes means a crucial area for Chinese history and the oriental civilization. Massive earthen and wooden structure archeological sites were preserved, underneath characterized which with large areas, significant value and hardly decipherable. In recent years, along with the urbanization and social and economic development, Xi’an has faced more pressure and challenge of cultural heritage conservation, and has explored several experiments to settle down these conflicts. In this situation, IICC-X was kept his eyes on the discussions and research of measures and methods for the protection and management of the large monuments and sites in Xi’an. This paper examines four different physical types of archeological sites in Xi’an, which are large cross-district archeological site of Chang’an city of Han Dynasty, large district archeological site of Daming Palace in Chang’an City of Tang Dynasty, discontinuous lineal archeological site of City Wall of Sui and Tang Dynasty and single archeological site of West Market of Chang’an City of Tang Dynasty. Through analyzing the current protection and management pressure, archaeological results and conservation project and the composition of local community, the author would like point out the relation between the oriental archeological sites and its local communities. Through case study, it comes clear that the promotion of conservation of archeological sites could increase identifiability of the site, which will encourage awareness of heritage for local residents, and provide the local communities’ cultural function, and brings up the cultural identity and cultural belonging of the region. Meanwhile, the consciousness and responsibility for cultural heritage conservation by local communities would be a positive and fundamental power to drive and supervise theconservation. As a conclusion, the oriental earthen and wooden archeological sites experienced thousand years of history and under grounded, which are hardly to decipherable. Hence, the residents from the sites local communities are very week to link their cultural identification and cultural belonging to the cultural heritage. The cultural heritage conservation and interpretation project should become a positive way to improve the relationship between the oriental archaeological sites and their local communities. But when the conservation works were carrying out, the local community must be faced a process of adjustment due to physical changing of the sites, and this changing will be a positive to the forming of the cultural identification of the local community if it is in a appropriate way.Xian fue elegida como ciudad capital por 13 dinastías y regímenes chinos y significa un área crucial para la historia de China y la civilización oriental. Fueron preservados sitios arqueológicos de enormes estructura de madera y tierra, caracterizados con grandes espacios por debajo, y con un valor significativo apenas descifrado. En los últimos años, junto con la urbanización y el desarrollo social y económico, Xian se ha enfrentado a más presión y a desafíos de la conservación del patrimonio cultural y ha explorado varias soluciones a estos conflictos. En esta situación, IICC-X se prestó atención a las discusiones y la investigación de medidas y métodos para la protección y el manejo de los grandes monumentos y sitios de Xian. Este documento examina cuatro lugares físicos diferentes de sitios arqueológicos en Xi ‘ an, que son el sitio arqueológico de la ciudad de Chang’an de la dinastía de Han; el sitio arqueológico de Daming Palace en la ciudad de Chang’an de la dinastía Tang; sitio arqueológico lineal discontinuo de Pared de ciudad de Sui y la dinastía Tang y el sitio arqueológico único del mercado oeste de la ciudad de Chang’an de la dinastía Tang. A través del análisis de la protección actual y el esfuerzo de gestión, los resultados arqueológicos y el proyecto de conservación junto con la composición de la comunidad local, el autor desea señalar la relación entre los sitios arqueológicos orientales y sus comunidades locales. A través del estudio de caso, resulta claro que la promoción de la conservación de sitios arqueológicos podría aumentar la identificabilidad del sitio, fomentando la conciencia de patrimonio para los residentes locales y proporcionando una función cultural con las comunidades locales, y la identidad cultural y pertenencia cultural de la región. Mientras tanto, la conciencia y la responsabilidad para la conservación del patrimonio cultural de las comunidades locales sería un poder positivo y fundamental para conducir y supervisar la conservación. Como conclusión, los sitios arqueológicos de tierra y madera orientales han vivido miles años de historia bajo tierra, y apenas han sido descifrados. Por lo tanto, los residentes de las comunidades locales de los sitios difícilmente pueden vincular su identificación y pertenencia cultural con ése patrimonio cultural. El proyecto de conservación e interpretación del patrimonio cultural debe convertirse en una forma positiva para mejorar la relación entre los yacimientos orientales y sus comunidades locales. Pero cuando estaban realizando las obras de conservación, la comunidad local debe enfrentar un proceso de ajuste debido al cambio físico de los sitios y este cambio será positivo para la formación de la identificación cultural de la comunidad local si se trata de una manera apropiada.Depto. de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y ArqueologíaFac. de Geografía e HistoriaTRUEMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)pu

Optimization of Cellulase-Assisted Ultrasound Extraction and Antioxidant Analysis of Flavonoids from Syringa oblata Leaves

To investigate the efficient method of total flavonoids from Syringa oblata leaves, this paper firstly used cellulase-assisted ultrasound method to extract flavonoids from four Syringa oblata leaves. The effects of cellulase dosage, pH, ultrasound time, ultrasound power, liquid-material ratio, temperature and ethanol volume fraction on the extraction rate of total flavonoids from Syringa pubescens Turcz. leaves were analyzed by single-factor experiments, and the best extraction process was obtained by applying response surface methodology optimization. The scavenging ability of Syringa oblata leaves flavonoids on DPPH and OH radicals was also examined in vitro as an antioxidant. The results showed that, the optimum extraction process was enzyme addition 2%, pH5.5, sonication time 40 min, sonication power 400 W, ethanol volume fraction 63%, temperature 56 ℃, liquid to material ratio 30:1 (mL/g), and under these conditions, the Syringa oblata flavonoids content was 32.21±0.16 mg/g, which was in proximity to the predicted value of 32.57 mg/g from the regression model. The results of antioxidant activity showed that the scavenging ability of the four Syringa oblata leaf flavonoids on DPPH was Syringa pubescens Turcz.>Syringa reticulata var. mamds huricq.>Syringa oblata var. affinis lingdelsh.>Syringa oblata Linal. The scavenging ability on OH was Syringa pubescens Turcz.>Syringa reticulata var. mamds huricq.> Syringa oblata Linal.>Syringa oblata var. affinis lingdelsh. The cellulase-assisted ultrasonication method can efficiently extract flavonoids from Syringa oblata leaves, and the flavonoids of Syringa oblata leaves have good antioxidant properties and have certain potential for development

Optimization of Syringa oblata Lindl. Flower for Extraction of Polyphenols by Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvents and Analysis of Antioxidant Activity

To establish an environmentally friendly and efficient method for extracting polyphenols from Syringa oblata Lindl. flowers and study the antioxidant activity of its polyphenols, this study used ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents (UADESs) to extract polyphenols from Syringa oblata Lindl. flowers. Firstly, the choline chloride-malice acid, at a molar ratio of 1:1.5, and on the basis of the results of single-factor experiments, the extraction temperature, ultrasonic time, solid-liquid ratio and ultrasonic power, were selected as the key factors for optimization, and the extraction amount of polyphenols was used as the response value, and the Box-Behnken response surface method was used to optimize, and the scavenging ability of Syringa oblata Lindl. polyphenols on DPPH radicals and hydroxyl radicals was studied. The results showed that the optimized extraction parameters were extraction temperature of 60 ℃, ultrasonic time of 60 min, solid-liquid ratio 1:30 g/mL and ultrasonic power of 300 W, the polyphenol content could reach 52.19±0.13 mg/g, significantly higher than that of traditional extraction (60% ethanol, methanol) (P<0.05). Then in vitro antioxidant experiments showed that when the concentration of Syringa oblata Lindl. polyphenols was 2.0 mg/mL, the scavenging rates of DPPH and hydroxyl radicals were 93.28% and 52.57% respectively. This study would provide a green and efficient way for extracting polyphenols from Syringa oblata Lindl. using ultrasonic-assisted deep eutectic solvents and provide a theoretical foundation for the efficient extraction and practical utilization of Syringa oblata Lindl. polyphenols

An analysis of the influencing factors of depression in older adults under the home care model

ObjectivesTo explore and analyze the influencing factors of depression in older adults living at home, so as to propose suggestions for improving the quality of older adults living at home.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study on 498 older adults living at home based on questionnaire survey on the general information, daily living ability, health status, and care perception (including self-care, care for cohabitants, and care for non-cohabitants) of older adults living at home, as well as their willingness to help each other, and analyzed the influencing factors of depression among older adults living at home.ResultsThe results showed a willingness to help older adults, self-care, and total activities of daily living (ADL), health status was an influential factor for depression in older adults (p &lt; 0.05).ConclusionIt aims to take targeted measures, such as encouraging older adults at home to actively participate in mutual assistance activities for older adults and care for themselves, so as to prevent and reduce the occurrence of depression in older adults

Comparing the association of cardiovascular nursing care with blood pressure and length of stay of in-patients with coronary artery disease in Wuhan, China

Background: Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Comorbidity-like hypertension has been among the major risks of coronary artery disease. Recent evidence identified multiple benefits of cardiovascular nursing care to coronary patients. However, little has been appraised on benefits regarding patients\u2019 blood pressure control and length of hospitalisation. Objective: To compare the association of cardiovascular nursing care delivered to coronary artery patients with patients\u2019 blood pressure and length of stay. Methods: Records based retrospective design was applied at a large teaching hospital in Wuhan, China. SPSS 21 version was used for data entry and analysis with univariate and multivariate logistic regression models for comparing study variables. Results: Of 300 patients, 224 (74.7%) were known to be hypertensive and admitted with subnormal blood pressure. Cardiovascular nursing care like \u201cassess to grade pain severity on 1-10 scale\u201d and \u201ccounsel patient to cope with stress\u201d were six and three times more likely to contribute improved patients\u2019 blood pressure (AOR=5.8; 95%CI: 2.8-12.2, p=0.001) and (AOR=3.1; 95%CI: 1.2-7.8, p=0.015) respectively. No significant difference with length of stay (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: There is a possibility of coronary artery patients to recover with normal blood pressure following reception of evidence-based cardiovascular nursing care

Application of Ionic Liquids in the Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Proanthocyanidins from Larix gmelini Bark

Ionic liquid based, microwave-assisted extraction (ILMAE) was successfully applied to the extraction of proanthocyanidins from Larix gmelini bark. In this work, in order to evaluate the performance of ionic liquids in the microwave-assisted extraction process, a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with different cations and anions were evaluated for extraction yield, and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide was selected as the optimal solvent. In addition, the ILMAE procedure for the proanthocyanidins was optimized and compared with other conventional extraction techniques. Under the optimized conditions, satisfactory extraction yield of the proanthocyanidins was obtained. Relative to other methods, the proposed approach provided higher extraction yield and lower energy consumption. The Larix gmelini bark samples before and after extraction were analyzed by Thermal gravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the ILMAE method is a simple and efficient technique for sample preparation