DataSheet_1_Grain size controls on long-chain diol distributions and proxy signals in marine sediments.pdf

Long chain alkyl diols (LCDs) are lipid biomarkers that occur ubiquitously in sediments. Their abundance and distributions are increasingly used as the basis of molecular proxies for environmental parameters such as sea surface temperature (SST) via the Long chain Diol Index (LDI), and upwelling intensity and nutrient conditions (parametrized as diol indices, DI-2, and Nutrient Diol Index, NDI, respectively). Their marine producers remain the subject of debate, but in cultures, they can be found within the outer wall (algaenan) of eustigmatophytes or in Proboscia diatoms. LCDs appear to be well preserved in sediments, potentially as a result of their association with algaenan and/or minerals, but little is known of their pre-depositional histories, in particular transport dynamics. Here, 15 surface continental margin sediments as well as one high-deposition-rate sediment core (50 cm, spanning the last ~30 years) were analyzed in order to evaluate the impact of organo-mineral associations, lateral transport, and hydrodynamic sorting on sedimentary LCD signals. The abundance and distribution of LCDs in bulk sediments and corresponding grain-size fractions was determined. The highest proportion of all LCD isomers is found in the fine fraction (2 – 10 µm), which also holds the highest proportion of organic matter in relation to the other grain-size fractions. However, LCDs are also found in the other fractions (sand, coarse silt, and clay), and their concentrations are not correlated with bulk organic carbon content, indicating different preservation or transport mechanisms. LDI-SST in the bulk sediment is comparable to the mean annual SST at all sites except those influenced by upwelling and characterized by strong seasonal SST gradients. To the contrary of other biomarker-related proxies (e.g., alkenones), lateral transport does not appear to strongly affect LDI-SST in size fractions, suggesting that the intimate relationship of LCD with the algaenan may counteract the influence of hydrodynamic mineral sorting processes on related proxy signals. The difference between the fraction-weighted LCD concentration and bulk sedimentary LCD concentration indicates potential release of LCD during laboratory fractionation, suggesting degradation of algaenan or dissolution of opal frustules.</p

Table_2_Grain size controls on long-chain diol distributions and proxy signals in marine sediments.xlsx

Long chain alkyl diols (LCDs) are lipid biomarkers that occur ubiquitously in sediments. Their abundance and distributions are increasingly used as the basis of molecular proxies for environmental parameters such as sea surface temperature (SST) via the Long chain Diol Index (LDI), and upwelling intensity and nutrient conditions (parametrized as diol indices, DI-2, and Nutrient Diol Index, NDI, respectively). Their marine producers remain the subject of debate, but in cultures, they can be found within the outer wall (algaenan) of eustigmatophytes or in Proboscia diatoms. LCDs appear to be well preserved in sediments, potentially as a result of their association with algaenan and/or minerals, but little is known of their pre-depositional histories, in particular transport dynamics. Here, 15 surface continental margin sediments as well as one high-deposition-rate sediment core (50 cm, spanning the last ~30 years) were analyzed in order to evaluate the impact of organo-mineral associations, lateral transport, and hydrodynamic sorting on sedimentary LCD signals. The abundance and distribution of LCDs in bulk sediments and corresponding grain-size fractions was determined. The highest proportion of all LCD isomers is found in the fine fraction (2 – 10 µm), which also holds the highest proportion of organic matter in relation to the other grain-size fractions. However, LCDs are also found in the other fractions (sand, coarse silt, and clay), and their concentrations are not correlated with bulk organic carbon content, indicating different preservation or transport mechanisms. LDI-SST in the bulk sediment is comparable to the mean annual SST at all sites except those influenced by upwelling and characterized by strong seasonal SST gradients. To the contrary of other biomarker-related proxies (e.g., alkenones), lateral transport does not appear to strongly affect LDI-SST in size fractions, suggesting that the intimate relationship of LCD with the algaenan may counteract the influence of hydrodynamic mineral sorting processes on related proxy signals. The difference between the fraction-weighted LCD concentration and bulk sedimentary LCD concentration indicates potential release of LCD during laboratory fractionation, suggesting degradation of algaenan or dissolution of opal frustules.</p

MOESM4 of Proteomic profiling identifies markers for inflammation-related tumor–fibroblast interaction

Additional file 4. Table S3. GO-term enrichment analysis based on biological process

Sensitivity of CRC cell lines to XB.

*<p>Very wide indicates that the growth response curve declined too gradual for the graph pad prism software to calculate a 95% CI.</p

Chemical structure of 2-deprenyl-rheediaxanthone B (XB).

<p>Chemical structure of 2-deprenyl-rheediaxanthone B (XB).</p

XB does not induce classical apoptosis.

<p>Protein lysates were harvested 20 hours after exposure to 20 µM XB and levels of Bcl_xl, Bcl₂, activated Caspase 3, PARP and cleaved PARP (<b>A</b>) as well as pro Caspase 2 and activated Caspase 2 (<b>B</b>) were analysed by western blotting. The figure shows representative examples of two independent experiments.</p

XB-induced cell-cycle blockade.

<p>Semi-confluent cultures of SW480 (<b>A</b>) and Caco2 (<b>B</b>) cells were exposed to the indicated concentrations of XB. 48 hours later nuclei were isolated for the analysis of cell cycle distribution by FACS analysis. The results shown are the mean±SD pooled from three independent experiments. Protein lysates were harvested 20 hours after exposure of SW480 (<b>C</b>) and Caco2 (<b>D</b>) cells to 20 µM XB and levels of Cyclins A, B1, and E as well as of FoxM1 and phospho-Histone H3 were analysed by western blotting. The figure shows representative examples of two independent experiments.</p

XB-induced active cell death.

<p><b>A, B, C, D</b>: In a parallel experiment cultures were fixed after 48 hours of XB-exposure and stained with Hoechst 33258 for visualisation of nuclear morphology (<b>A</b>: control SW480, <b>B</b>: XB treated SW480, <b>C</b>: control CaCo2, <b>D</b>: XB treated CaCo2). <b>E</b>: Semi-confluent cultures of SW480 were exposed to the indicated concentrations of XB and harvested 48 and 72 hours later for determination of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The results shown are the mean±SD pooled from three independent experiments.</p

XB-induced cell loss.

<p>Semiconfluent cell cultures of HCT116, DLD1, CaCo2, SW620, SW480 (<b>A</b>) and F331 and LT97 (<b>B</b>) were exposed to increasing concentrations of XB diluted into serum-free treatment medium. Viability was determined 48 hours later by MMT assay. The results shown are the mean±SD pooled from three independent experiments performed in triplicates. *, ** and *** indicate a significant difference as compared to control at p≤0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.</p