Habitat of mud volcanoes and petroleum seepage in Azerbaijan

Mud volcano is unique geological phenomenon localized within the boundaries of mobil belts. It is very important information source on age, composition of rocks not drilled in yet, as well as on fluids saturating them. In spite of a long history of study of this interestmg phenomenon, there are a lot of debatable problems of mud volcanism. They are stratigraphic location of the "roots" of volcanoes, their relation with folded complex of different age, deep faults, diapir folds, seismic activity: formation and eruption mechanism; the place and role of mud volcanism in the system of geotectonical, gashydro- and thermodynamical processes, forming, redistribution and destroying oil and gas pools, features of urineral and ore forming

Fluid Flow and Sealing Properties Associated with an Active Faults - Kura Basin, Azerbaijan

With the advent of stereoscopic data such as as Landsat and SPOT imagery, these methods have been applied to satellite data and used to successfully obtain quantitative measurements over large areas. On this connection, these methods have assisted considerably in fault analysis considerations and detection hydrocarbon seeps in surface of the Kura basin which are considered main oil and gas bearing region in onshore Azerbaijan. The satellite imagery interpretation drew upon knowledge of structural geology and geomorphology and detected hydrocarbon seeps related to fault and mud volcano geomorphology. The main objectives are to determine the role of faults and mud volcanoes within the geologic structure of the study regions and to guide future oil exploration. Remote sensing to detect hydrocarbon seepage onshore allowed recognition of marginal and sub-marginal low-relief structural prospects and stratigraphic traps that is overlooked by reflection seismic surveys. Remote sensing data and images were integrated in hydrocarbon exploration programs with other exploration data such as seismic surveys, well logs, gravity surveys, and other geologic-geophysical investigations. Analysis of satellite data allowed to determine the geometry of the fault system and around them distributions of hydrocarbon seeps and to predict hydrocarbon potential of the Kura basin

Importance of Remote Sensing data in Structural Geologic Analysis of Oil- and Gas-Bearing Regions of Azerbaijan

In addition to surface geologic and geophysical investigations, Panchromatic SPOT and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data were merged using an IHS approach to produce a satellite composite image to use as a basis for structural geologic analysis of the oil- and gas-bearing regions of Azerbaijan, including the South Caspian and Kura Basins. With the development of new exploration technology, various nonseismic reconnaissance methods, such as remote sensing, gravity, and magnetics for oil exploration have been substantiated and improved. The Azerbaijan and surrounding mountain ranges are favorable for studying natural hydrocarbon seepages. Most of the seepage occurs in faulted and mud volcano areas onshore of the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijan. Determining the geometry of the fault system from analysis of remote-sensing data allows prediction of (1) vertical oil migration from source rocks into tectonic traps in overlying formations and (2) quantitative volume of oil reservoirs

Fault tectonics and formations of oil and gas pools in the East Azerbaijan from analysis of SPOT/Landsat images

Remote sensing can be defined in general terms as technologies and techniques used to obtain information about distant object using reflected or emitted electromagnetic radiation, acoustic energy, potential fields (gravity, magnetics), or geochemical measurements. In geologic remote sensing, we will concern only interpretation draws on structural geology and geomorphology, because the picking out of the linear elements of Earth’s surface, the determination of their role in the geologic structure of the regions are represented significant interest. That is why we will use geologic interpretation of satellite images for estimation tectonic peculiarity and oil-gas bearingness in the East Azerbaijan. The lineaments, recognized on the different scale space photos, are the important object of decision of many theoretical and applied questions of the modern geotectonics. The independence of deepest differences in the determination of the lineaments nature, the high geological effectively of their use are noted by all researchers as the decision of fractured tectonics, as on the establishment of regularities of the oil and gas fields situation. The oil and gas fields ofthe folds regions are characterized by the abundance of tectonical fractures. That’s why the decision of the question about the role of tectonical fractures in the base, conservation and destruction of oil and gas deposits has a important theoretical and applied importance

Geologic Risk and Seismic Hazard Assessment in the Southeastern Caucasus Using Remote Sensing Data

This study was devoted to the legacy geologic information on the geology, seismicity, infrastructure and mud volcano hazard of the Southeastern Caucasus. Caucasus region is home to a large number of the world's mud volcanoes, which are some of the most mobile, and potentially destructive to infrastructure, geologic features. Because, the seismic events have a much greater impact on this region than on most other regions of the world. In this connection, has been used several major remote sensing tools to provide base hazard maps for assembling the geologic and geophysical information about the South-eastern Caucasus for public policy use. It was focus on using Landsat, set of Synthetic Radar aperture (SAR) interferometry and spectral imaging tools such as ASTER to map and monitor the mud volcanoes and fault structures in the Caucasus region. This study will be of extreme importance to siting and maintaining of pipelines, roads, and other infrastructure, as well as for assisting with the mud volcano hazard planning for the Southeastern Caucasus in particular

Russian Agricultural Industry under Sanction Wars

The motivation for focusing on economic sanctions is the mixed evidence of their effectiveness. We assess the role of sanctions on the Russian international trade flow of agricultural products after 2014. We use a differences-in-differences model of trade flows data for imported and exported agricultural products from 2010 to 2020 in Russia. The main expectation was that the Russian economy would take a hit since it had lost its importers. We assess the economic impact of the Russian food embargo on agricultural commodities, questioning whether it has achieved its objective and resulted in a window of opportunity for the development of the domestic agricultural sector. Our results confirm that the sanctions have significantly impacted foodstuff imports; they have almost halved in the first two years since the sanctions were imposed. However, Russia has embarked on a path to reduce dependence on food imports and managed self-sufficient agricultural production.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure

Structural Deformation and its Impact to Sandstone Reservoirs in Eastern Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan territory is located in the Alpine-Himalayan fold belt and its main geo-structural elements are the South Caspian basin (SCB) in the east and the Kura basin in the west. This region structurally was complicated by northeast compressional deformation which caused generation of deformation bands in sandstones of plunging anticlines with significant influence to their reservoir properties. Among the folds of the Productive Series complicated with structural deformations, Maliy Kharami and Yasamal Valley fields in are of particular interest. The aim of this study is to evaluate the structurally deformed reservoir rock properties in mentioned fields based on outcrop measurements and lab experiments. The scope of the research includes examination of correlation between dipping of layers and quantity of deformation bands observed along and across steeply dipping and plunged layers of anticline limbs. Also, evaluation elastic properties prediction with respect to mineralogical composition, which controls elastic properties of the rock, its mineralogical composition has also been investigated. Influence of deformation bands on rock filtration properties is quantified on the field and lab-plug scales. A descending trend is observed between permeability of sandstones and number of deformation bands across the investigated anticline and compared to shale volume impact

Regional Disparities and Economic Growth in Ukraine

This research is devoted to assessing regional economic disparities in Ukraine, where regional economic inequality is a crucial issue the country faces in its medium and long-term development, recently, even in the short term. We analyze the determinants of regional economic growth, mainly industrial and agricultural productions, population, human capital, fertility, migration, and regional government expenditures. Using panel data estimations from 2004 to 2020 for 27 regions of Ukraine, our results show that the gaps between regions in Ukraine have widened last two decades. Natural resource distribution, agricultural and industrial productions, government spending, and migration can explain the disparities. We show that regional government spending is highly concentrated in Kyiv, and the potential of the other regions, especially the Western ones, needs to be used sufficiently. Moreover, despite its historical and economic opportunity, the East region performed little development during the last two decades. The inefficient and inconsistent regional policies played a crucial role in these disparities.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure

Macroeconomic performance of oil price shocks in Russia

Oil price fluctuations severely impact the economies of both oil-exporting and importing countries. High oil prices can benefit oil exporters by increasing foreign currency inflow; however, an economy can suffer from a weakening of the manufacturing sectors and experience a significant downtrend in the country's price competitiveness as the domestic currency appreciates. We investigate the oil price fluctuations from Q1, 2004 to Q3, 2021 and their impact on the Russian macroeconomic indicators, particularly industrial production, exchange rate, inflation and interest rates. We assess whether and how much the Russian macroeconomic variables have been responsive to the oil price fluctuations in recent years. The outcomes from VAR model confirm that the monetary channel is more responsive to oil price shocks than the fiscal one. Regarding fiscal channel of the oil price impact, industrial production is strongly pro-cyclical to oil price shocks. As for the monetary channel, higher oil price volatility is pressuring the Russian ruble, inflation and interest rates are substantially counter-cyclical to oil price shocks.Comment: 10 pages, 13 figure

Effects of heliox as carrier gas on ventilation and oxygenation in an animal model of piston-type HFOV: a crossover experimental study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>This study aimed to compare gas exchange with heliox and oxygen-enriched air during piston-type high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). We hypothesized that helium gas would improve both carbon dioxide elimination and arterial oxygenation during piston-type HFOV.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>Five rabbits were prepared and ventilated by piston-type HFOV with carrier 50% helium/oxygen (heliox50) or 50% oxygen/nitrogen (nitrogen50) gas mixture in a crossover study. Changing the gas mixture from nitrogen50 to heliox50 and back was performed five times per animal with constant ventilation parameters. Arterial blood gas, vital function and respiratory test indices were recorded.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Compared with nitrogen50, heliox50 did not change PaCO₂when stroke volume remained constant, but significantly reduced PaCO₂after alignment of amplitude pressure. No significant changes in PaO₂were seen despite significant decreases in mean airway pressure with heliox50 compared with nitrogen50.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study demonstrated that heliox enhances CO₂elimination and maintains oxygenation at the same amplitude but with lower airway pressure compared to air/O₂mix gas during piston-type HFOV.</p