Enige aspecten van het accountantstuchtrecht

Criminal Justice: Legitimacy, accountability, and effectivit

Accountant, continuïteitsveronderstelling en het wetenschapscriterium

Criminal Justice: Legitimacy, accountability, and effectivit

Het accountantsdossier: inzage en geheimhouding

Criminal Justice: Legitimacy, accountability, and effectivit

Attentional biases for alcohol cues in heavy and light drinkers: The roles of initial orienting and maintained attention

Rationale There has been considerable theoretical interest in attentional biases for drug-related cues. However, there is little research on the component processes of such attentional biases.Objectives We examined initial orienting to, and the maintenance of attention on, alcohol-related cues in heavy and light social drinkers.Methods The present study used a visual probe task to investigate biases in visual orienting to alcohol-related cues. We varied the presentation duration of alcohol-related pictures (200, 500 or 2000 ms) to investigate whether attentional biases operated in initial orienting or the maintenance of attention.Results In comparison with light social drinkers, heavy social drinkers had an attentional bias for alcohol pictures which were presented at the longer exposure durations (500 and 2000 ms), but not at the shorter duration of 200 ms. Subjective alcohol craving was correlated with the attentional bias index for alcohol pictures presented for 2000 ms.Conclusions These results suggest that biases in visual orienting to alcohol-related cues in heavy social drinkers operate mainly in the processes involved in the maintenance of attention

Personality and smoking status: a meta-analysis.

We used meta-analytic techniques in an attempt to clarify the strength and direction of the association between smoking status and personality, which narrative reviews have indicated remains a largely inconsistent literature. Included were cross-sectional studies that reported personality data for healthy, adult smokers and nonsmokers using measures of personality traits derived from Eysenck's tripartite taxonomy of human personality. Of the 25 studies that contributed to the meta-analysis, 22 reported data on smoking status and extraversion and 22 reported data on smoking status and neuroticism. Meta-analysis using a fixed-effects framework indicated a significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers on both extraversion (p<.001) and neuroticism (p<.001) traits, which remained significant when a random-effects framework was used to accommodate significant between-study heterogeneity. These data from cross-sectional observational studies published between 1972 and 2001 indicate that both increased extraversion and increased neuroticism are associated with an increased likelihood of being a smoker rather than a nonsmoker, although in both cases the effect sizes indicated by the meta-analysis were small. We found no evidence that the strength of these associations varied with year of publication