Systematic review: Factors influencing creativity in the design discipline and assessment criteria

Using psychological instrument to measure creativity is getting popular in design research. However, unlike quantifying general creativity using divergent thinking, the complexity and interdisciplinarity of the design discipline have made it difficult to explore research on design creativity. Therefore, to better quantify and measure design creativity, 31 relevant studies were retrieved by Google Scholar and the University of London Common Research in this article. This study summarizes the factors that influence design creativity in different design disciplines, the rules for setting the internal dimensions, and the valid instruments for measuring design creativity. The factors affecting design creativity can be divided into internal factors (aesthetic, spatial ability, and ambiguity tolerance) and external factors (environment and visual stimulation). Among these factors, different instruments and evaluation criteria considerably impact the result, while the measurement of design creativity is still not mature enough. A single scale evaluation or creative task evaluation cannot comprehensively evaluate the design creativity, which consists of aesthetic, functional, and technical aspects. In addition, the reference value of ordinary creativity remains to be further discussed in design. Under some professional design fields, the effect of widely recognized factors closely related to creativity, such as divergent thinking, imagination, and personality, is insignificant

Unique Proton Transportation Pathway in a Robust Inorganic Coordination Polymer Leading to Intrinsically High and Sustainable Anhydrous Proton Conductivity

Although comprehensive progress has been made in the area of coordination polymer (CP)/metal–organic framework (MOF)-based proton-conducting materials over the past decade, searching for a CP/MOF with stable, intrinsic, high anhydrous proton conductivity that can be directly used as a practical electrolyte in an intermediate-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cell assembly for durable power generation remains a substantial challenge. Here, we introduce a new proton-conducting CP, (NH₄)₃[Zr­(H_2/3PO₄)₃] (<b>ZrP</b>), which consists of one-dimensional zirconium phosphate anionic chains and fully ordered charge-balancing NH₄⁺ cations. X-ray crystallography, neutron powder diffraction, and variable-temperature solid-state NMR spectroscopy suggest that protons are disordered within an inherent hydrogen-bonded infinite chain of acid–base pairs (N–H···O–P), leading to a stable anhydrous proton conductivity of 1.45 × 10^–3 S·cm^–1 at 180 °C, one of the highest values among reported intermediate-temperature proton-conducting materials. First-principles and quantum molecular dynamics simulations were used to directly visualize the unique proton transport pathway involving very efficient proton exchange between NH₄⁺ and phosphate pairs, which is distinct from the common guest encapsulation/dehydration/superprotonic transition mechanisms. <b>ZrP</b> as the electrolyte was further assembled into a H₂/O₂ fuel cell, which showed a record-high electrical power density of 12 mW·cm^–2 at 180 °C among reported cells assembled from crystalline solid electrolytes, as well as a direct methanol fuel cell for the first time to demonstrate real applications. These cells were tested for over 15 h without notable power loss

Unique Proton Transportation Pathway in a Robust Inorganic Coordination Polymer Leading to Intrinsically High and Sustainable Anhydrous Proton Conductivity

Although comprehensive progress has been made in the area of coordination polymer (CP)/metal–organic framework (MOF)-based proton-conducting materials over the past decade, searching for a CP/MOF with stable, intrinsic, high anhydrous proton conductivity that can be directly used as a practical electrolyte in an intermediate-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cell assembly for durable power generation remains a substantial challenge. Here, we introduce a new proton-conducting CP, (NH₄)₃[Zr­(H_2/3PO₄)₃] (<b>ZrP</b>), which consists of one-dimensional zirconium phosphate anionic chains and fully ordered charge-balancing NH₄⁺ cations. X-ray crystallography, neutron powder diffraction, and variable-temperature solid-state NMR spectroscopy suggest that protons are disordered within an inherent hydrogen-bonded infinite chain of acid–base pairs (N–H···O–P), leading to a stable anhydrous proton conductivity of 1.45 × 10^–3 S·cm^–1 at 180 °C, one of the highest values among reported intermediate-temperature proton-conducting materials. First-principles and quantum molecular dynamics simulations were used to directly visualize the unique proton transport pathway involving very efficient proton exchange between NH₄⁺ and phosphate pairs, which is distinct from the common guest encapsulation/dehydration/superprotonic transition mechanisms. <b>ZrP</b> as the electrolyte was further assembled into a H₂/O₂ fuel cell, which showed a record-high electrical power density of 12 mW·cm^–2 at 180 °C among reported cells assembled from crystalline solid electrolytes, as well as a direct methanol fuel cell for the first time to demonstrate real applications. These cells were tested for over 15 h without notable power loss