Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Staphylococcus Aureus from Raw Milk in Different Places of Savar, Bangladesh

Milk and its derivates are considered vehicles of Staphylococcucs aureus infection in human. S.aureus commonly found on the skin and hair as well as in the noses and throats of people and animals. The bacteria are present in up to 25 percent of healthy people and are even more common among those with skin, eye, nose, or throat infection. S. aureus can cause food poisoning when a food handler contaminates food and then the food is not properly stored. Other sources of food contamination include the equipment and surfaces on which food is prepared .These bacteria multiply quickly at room temperature to produce a toxin that causes illness. S.aureus is killed by cooking and pasteurization. Present study was carried out from  June 2017 to November 2018 .The aim this investigation was to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from  raw cow milk obtained from different parts of Savar, Ashulia, Dhamrai area distract of Dhaka,  Bangladesh. A total of 45 milk samples were collected. Milk samples were subjected to bacteriological and biochemical tests. All the characterized isolates were    subjected to determine antibiotic susceptibility pattern by disc diffusion method testing such as and using bacteriological and biochemical schemes, 31 out of 45 sample (69%) isolates were identified as S .aureus from 45 samples. All  the isolates showed growth  on MSA and MHA agar. According  to antibiogram results  of  antibiotic  sensitivity of S.aureus,  percentages of sensitivity was observed against different group of antibiotics as follows:     chloramphenicol (93%, Gentamycin(93%), Vancomycin (89%), Streptomycin(89%)  Ciprofloxacin(64%),Tetracycillin(71%), Oxcillin (57%) Sulfamethoxazole (50%), All of the   isolates  were  found  to  be     resistant  against  Penicillin (100%) and Azithromycin 100%) . Isolated S.aureus showed  the resistance  pattern to  broad spectrum antibiotic. Some people who have tendency to drink without cooking milk and raw milk products, there is high risk of S. aureus infection in human health

Molecular detection of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus from healthy broilers and backyard chickens for the first time in Bangladesh- A preliminary study

Many of the Vibrio spp. are major public health concerns globally. Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are the etiology of pandemic and epidemic diarrhea and foodborne illness, respectively. Poultry has the potential to harbor pathogenic Vibrio spp., which can have a detrimental impact on public health if they are transmitted to humans. We, therefore, screened 54 cloacal swab samples from healthy chickens (broiler=27, backyard= 27) to detect V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus. Vibrio spp. were isolated and identified by culturing, biochemical tests, PCR, and antibiogram profiles were determined by disk diffusion method. By PCR, 29.63% (16/54; 95% CI: 19.14-42.83%) samples were positive for Vibrio spp., where backyard chickens had a significantly higher (p< 0.05) occurrence (44.44%; 27.59-62.69%) than broilers (14.82%; 95% CI: 5.92-32.48%). V. parahaemolyticus was found in 22.22% (6/27; 95% CI: 10.61-40.76%) of backyard chicken samples, which was significantly dominant (p< 0.05) than in broilers (0/27, 0%, 95% CI: 0.00-12.46%). In addition, V. cholerae was positive in 7.41% (2/27; 95% CI: 1.32-23.37%) of broiler, and 14.82% (4/27; 95% CI: 5.92-32.48%) of backyard chicken samples. The toxR gene was found in all V. cholerae isolates, suggesting the presence of other virulence genes, whereas no isolates of V. parahaemolyticus contained the tdh gene. Isolated Vibrio spp. had high to moderate resistance to tetracycline, azithromycin, erythromycin, and streptomycin. The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus in broiler and backyard chickens is of public health concern because of the possibility of food chain contaminatio