Integrative analysis for finding genes and networks involved in diabetes and other complex diseases

An integrative analysis combining genetic interactions and protein interactions can be used to identify candidate genes/proteins for type 1 diabetes and other complex diseases

Ilmu pengetahuan alam: buku guru SMP/MTs Kelas VIII

Kurikulum 2013 dirancang untuk memperkuat kompetensi siswa dari sisi pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan sikap secara utuh. Proses pencapaiannya melalui pembelajaran sejumlah mata pelajaran yang dirangkai sebagai suatu kesatuan yang saling mendukung pencapaian kompetensi tersebut. Bila pada jenjang SD/MI, beberapa mata pelajaran digabung menjadi satu dan disajikan dalam bentuk tema-tema, maka pada jenjang SMP/MTs pembelajaran sudah mulai dipisah-pisah menjadi mata pelajaran. Sebagai transisi menuju ke pendidikan menengah, pemisahan ini masih belum dilakukan sepenuhnya bagi siswa SMP/MTs. Materimateri dari bidang-bidang ilmu Fisika, Kimia, Biologi, serta Ilmu Bumi dan Antariksa masih perlu disajikan sebagai suatu kesatuan dalam mata pelajaran IPA (Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam). Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan wawasan yang utuh bagi siswa SMP/MTs tentang prinsip-prinsip dasar yang mengatur alam semesta beserta segenap isinya. Buku IPA Kelas VIII SMP/MTs ini disusun dengan pemikiran di atas. Bidang ilmu Biologi dipakai sebagai landasan (platform) pembahasan bidang ilmu yang lain. Makhluk hidup digunakan sebagai objek untuk menjelaskan prinsip-prinsip dasar yang mengatur alam seperti objek alam dan interaksinya, energi dan keseimbangannya, dan lain-lain. Melalui pembahasan menggunakan bermacam bidang ilmu dalam rumpun ilmu pengetahuan alam, pemahaman utuh tentang alam yang dihuninya beserta benda-benda alam yang dijumpai di sekitarnya dapat dikuasai oleh peserta didik SMP/MTs

Common Myna Roosts Are Not Recruitment Centres

<div><p>We studied communal roosting in the Common Myna (<i>Acridotheres tristis</i>) in the light of the recruitment centre hypothesis and predation at the roost. The number and sizes of flocks departing from and arriving at focal roosts were recorded over a two year period. We also recorded the sizes and behaviour of foraging flocks. We found that flock sizes of birds departing from roosts at sunrise were larger than those at the feeding site, suggesting that there was no recruitment from the roosts. Flocks entering the roosts during sunset were larger on average than those leaving the following sunrise, suggesting no consolidation of flocks in the morning. Flocks entering the roosts at sunset were also larger on average than those that had left that sunrise, although there was no recruitment at the feeding site. There was no effect of group size on the proportion of time spent feeding. Contrary to expectation, single birds showed lower apparent vigilance than birds that foraged in pairs or groups, possibly due to scrounging tactics being used in the presence of feeding companions. Thus, the recruitment centre hypothesis did not hold in our study population of mynas. Predation at dawn and dusk were also not important to communal roosting: predators near the roosts did not result in larger flocks, and resulted in larger durations of arrival/departure contrary to expectation. Since flock sizes were smallest at the feeding site and larger in the evening than in the morning, but did not coincide with predator activity, information transfer unrelated to food (such as breeding opportunities) may possibly give rise to the evening aggregations.</p></div

Average flock sizes during sunset and the same or next sunrise across days.

<p>Average flock sizes during sunset and the same or next sunrise across days.</p

Flock size distributions at pre-roosts.

<p>Distributions of sizes of flocks entering and leaving pre-roosts during A) the breeding season, and B) the post-breeding season (error bars are 95% CIs).</p

Results of the GLM on the duration of arrival/departure of birds at roosts.

<p>Results of the GLM on the duration of arrival/departure of birds at roosts.</p

Average flock sizes during sunrise and sunset during different seasons.

<p>There was a significant interaction between time of day and breeding season in affecting average flock size (<i>F</i>_2,462 = 3.508, <i>P</i> = 0.031) (error bars are 95% CIs about the individual means). Significant pairwise comparisons based on Tukey’s tests are marked with different letters (c>b>a).</p