Summary statistics for assemblies.

<p>Summary statistics for assemblies.</p

Comparison of <i>H. armigera</i> unigenes to orthologous <i>Bombyx mori</i> coding sequences.

<p>The ratio of <i>H. armigera</i> unigene length to <i>B. mori</i> ortholog length was plotted against <i>H. armigera</i> unigene coverage depth.</p

Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Transcriptome Analysis of <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> Larvae Immune-Primed with <i>Photorhabdus luminescens</i> TT01

<div><p>Although invertebrates are incapable of adaptive immunity, immunal reactions which are functionally similar to the adaptive immunity of vertebrates have been described in many studies of invertebrates including insects. The phenomenon was termed immune priming. In order to understand the molecular mechanism of immune priming, we employed Illumina/Solexa platform to investigate the transcriptional changes of the hemocytes and fat body of <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> larvae immune-primed with the pathogenic bacteria <i>Photorhabdus luminescens</i> TT01. A total of 43.6 and 65.1 million clean reads with 4.4 and 6.5 gigabase sequence data were obtained from the TT01 (the immune-primed) and PBS (non-primed) cDNA libraries and assembled into 35,707 all-unigenes (non-redundant transcripts), which has a length varied from 201 to 16,947 bp and a N50 length of 1,997 bp. For 35,707 all-unigenes, 20,438 were functionally annotated and 2,494 were differentially expressed after immune priming. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are mainly related to immunity, detoxification, development and metabolism of the host insect. Analysis on the annotated immune related DEGs supported a hypothesis that we proposed previously: the immune priming phenomenon observed in <i>H. armigera</i> larvae was achieved by regulation of key innate immune elements. The transcriptome profiling data sets (especially the sequences of 1,022 unannotated DEGs) and the clues (such as those on immune-related signal and regulatory pathways) obtained from this study will facilitate immune-related novel gene discovery and provide valuable information for further exploring the molecular mechanism of immune priming of invertebrates. All these will increase our understanding of invertebrate immunity which may provide new approaches to control insect pests or prevent epidemic of infectious diseases in economic invertebrates in the future.</p></div

Length distribution of contig/unigene/all-unigene assembled by Trinity.

<p>X-axis represents sequence size (nt). Y-axis indicates the value of lg ^{sequence-numbers}.</p

COG function classification.

<p>The capital letters in x-axis indicates the COG categories as listed on the right of the histogram and the y-axis indicates the number of unigenes.</p

Random distribution of sequencing reads in assembled unigenes.

<p>X-axis represents relative position of sequencing reads in the assembled sequences. Orientation of assembled unigenes is from the 5′ end to the 3′end. Y-axis indicates number of reads. A: random distribution of PBS reads mapped to PBS-unigenes. B: random distribution of TT01 reads mapped to TT01-unigenes.</p

The fold change of candidate DEGs (TT01 compared to PBS).

<p>Ac: <i>Acromyrmex echinatior</i>; Ap: <i>Apis mellifera</i>; Ar: <i>Arctogadus glacialis</i>; Bi: <i>Biston betularia</i>; Bo: <i>Bombyx mori</i>; Bom: <i>Bombus impatiens</i>; Ca: <i>Camponotus floridanus</i>; Da: <i>Danaus plexippus</i>; Dr: <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>; Ga: <i>Galleria mellonella</i>; Ha: <i>Harpegnathos saltator</i>; He: <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i>; Hel: <i>Heliothis virescens</i>; Hez: <i>Helicoverpa zea</i>; Ho: <i>Homo sapiens</i>; Hol: <i>Holotrichia diomphalia</i>; Hy: <i>Hyphantria cunea</i>; Hya: <i>Hyalophora cecropia</i>; Ma: <i>Manduca sexta</i>; Mu: <i>Mus musculus</i>; Na: <i>Nasonia vitripennis</i>; Oc: <i>Ochlerotatus triseriatus</i>; Os: <i>Ostrinia furnacalis</i>; Ost: <i>Ostrinia nubilalis</i>; Pe: <i>Periplaneta Americana</i>; Sa: <i>Saccoglossus kowalevskii</i>; Sam: <i>Samia cynthia ricini</i>; Sp: <i>Spodoptera litura</i>; Spo: <i>Spodoptera exigua</i>; Tr: <i>Tribolium castaneum</i>; Xe: <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i>; CTL: <i>C-type lectin</i>; PGRP: <i>Peptidoglycan-recognition protein</i>; SCR: <i>scavenger receptor</i>; GALE: Galectin; LBP: lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; DSCAM: Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule; AP: antibacterial protein; TSP: Thrombospondin; JHEHs: Juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase; JHDK: juvenile hormone diol kinase; IrML: ML-domain containing secreted protein; Hdd23: immune-related Hdd23; APs: Acid phosphatase; CIAP: Alkaline phosphatase; GSTs: glutathione transferase; EH: Epoxide hydrolase; PPAE: prophenol oxidase activating enzyme; POI: phenoloxidase inhibitor protein; E3: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase; FBAP: fat body aminopeptidase; E2: Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme; CYP: Cytochrome P450; DAP: diapause-associated protein; AFGP: antifreeze glycoprotein; SIRT5: NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-5-like; RDH: Retinol dehydrogenase; P23-like: p23-like protein; sHSP: small heat shock protein; 3Rev-G1: fatbody protein 3Rev-G1; MMIF: macrophage migration inhibitory factor; DRG: Developmentally regulated GTP binding protein; PCID: PCI domain containing protein; CDK: cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory; CRELD: cysteine-rich with EGF-like domain protein 2-like; nAChR: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; LEPR: leptin receptor-like protein; CKLFSF: secreted protein member of chemokine-like factor super family; RhoGAP: Rho GTPase-activating protein; LITAF: Lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor homolog; MOZART1: mitotic-spindle organizing protein associated with a ring of gamma-tubulin 1; ARPC2: actin-related protein ARP2/3 complex; DYNLL2-like: dynein, light chain, LC8-type 2-like; PcAsx: Polycomb protein Asx; CHMP: charged multivesicular body protein.</p

Length distribution of CDS.

<p>X-axis represents sequence size (nt). Y-axis indicates the value of lg ^{sequence-numbers}. Blast-CDS represents the CDS extracted from all-unigenes using blast results information. ESTScan-CDS means the CDS predicted by ESTScan software.</p