Proceedings of IPACK' 05 The ASME/Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems IPACK2005-73307 FULL BAND S-PARAMETER GENERATION METHODOLOGY FOR HIGH SPEED PACKAGE INTERCONNECT MODELIN G

ABSTRACT Beyond GHz operation frequency and Gb/s transfer rate bring a big challenge to high speed package interconnect designs. To make sure the product meets the specifications, signal integrity analysis has to be done carefully for critical signals before tape out for manufacturing. In order to obtain an accurate signal integrity modeling, the package interconnect must be accurately modeled. Frequency domain S-parameter has been widely used to replace the traditional package lumped model characterized by the fixed values of R, L, and C, which is no longer accurate. To facilitate the time domain analysis, equivalent circuits or behavioral macro models can be established based on the frequency domain S-parameter. In order to obtain a stable, casual and accurate time domain response, the S -parameter should be accurate in the full frequency band from DC to the interested maximum frequency. Usually full wave electromagnetic simulators are used to obtain the package S -parameter. The obtained S -parameter is very accurate in high frequency band, but unfortunately poor in low frequency band which is usually an extrapolation of the high frequency results. Improper use of such EM tools will result in wrong S-parameter, which may sometimes bring instability to the final results in a time-domain simulator based on direct convolution. The equivalent circuit synthesized from the high frequency S-parameter may also generate poor result due to lack of accurate information in the low frequency band. In this paper, we first address the theoretic al reason for the inaccurate low frequency result from the full wave electromagnetic simulators. Then we introduce a new process to generate accurate S-parameter in the full interested frequency band. In the process, the frequency band is divided into three parts, the low frequency range, middle frequency range, and the high frequency range. Skin effect phenomenon is found to be the physical explanation for the frequency band division. It is found that properly choosing EM tools in the proper frequency band is the key to get accurate full band S-parameters. KEYWORDS : HIGH SPEED INTERCONNECT, S-PARAMETER, SKIN EFFECT, PROXIMITY EFFECT INTRODUCTION With the operating frequency goes beyond GHz and the transfer rate goes up to Gb/s, accurate modeling of the total interconnect from the drivers to the receivers is required to make sure the proper work of the system without suffering from signal integrity issue. Since the signal covers a very broad frequency band, from DC to GHz and beyond, simple lumped element m odel, which is found to be good when the interconnect dimension is less than one tenth of the wavelength, is now no longer accurate enough for the interconnect modeling, like package modeling. Rather distributed elements need to be use

Transient effect of suction on the retinal neurovasculature in myopic patients after small-incision lenticule extraction

To characterize retinal neurovasculature changes after small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) in myopic patients. Ophthalmic Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China. Prospective interventional study. The corrected distance visual acuity/uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected intraocular pressure (CIOP), and corneal tomography were evaluated at baseline (PRE), postoperative day (POD) 1, and POD 7. Ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thicknesses were measured. The vessel area densities (VADs, %), vessel skeleton densities (VSDs, %), vessel diameter index (VDI), and fractal dimensions (Dbox) of the superficial vascular plexus (SVP) and deep vascular plexus (DVP) were measured in a circular area (ϕ 2.5 mm) centered on the fovea. A total of 38 myopic patients were recruited. The GCIPL thickness was increased after SMILE at POD 1 and POD 7 (P < .01) but no significant changes in the pRNFL thickness. The VAD, VSD, and Dbox of the SVP were decreased at POD 1 (P < .01), but not at POD 7. The VDI in small vessels of the SVP and DVP was decreased at POD 1 (P < .05) and increased at POD 7 (P < .05). Changes in CIOP were positively correlated with changes in the GCIPL thickness. Changes in CIOP were negatively correlated with changes in the VAD of small vessels and the Dbox of total vessels in the DVP. Changes in CIOP were negatively correlated with the VSD and VDI of small vessels in the DVP and changes in the VDI of big vessels in the SVP. The transient fluctuations in the retinal neurovasculature after SMILE may represent a characteristic homeostasis pattern in patients after refractive surgery