Psychosocial Wellbeing and Its’ Relationship with Attachment Patterns and Academic Achievement Motivation of Foster Care Children in Save Our Soul Enfants Ethiope, Burayu Orphanage Vocational Training and Production Center

The main objectives of this study is to assess the status of psychosocial wellbeing and its relationship with attachment patterns and academic achievement motivation of foster care children in Save Our Soul Enfants Ethiope, Burayu Orphanage Vocational Training and Production Center (SOS EE BOVTPC). Mixed research design was employed to achieve the research objectives. For the purpose of quantitative data 134 foster children were participated, and for the qualitative data six foster families and six foster children were participated. Those six foster families and six foster children were purposefully selected as a sample. The self-report version of the Relationship Structures questionnaire, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Achievement Motivation Inventory instruments, and semi-structured interview are administered. The result revealed that the majority of children have normal symptom of psychosocial wellbeing and it has relationship with their academic achievement motivation and with their anxious attachment. It was recommended that the concerned body should give emphasize for the improvement of their psychosocial wellness. Keywords: Academic Achievement Motivation, Attachment Pattern, and Psychosocial Wellbeing DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/10-19-01 Publication date:October 31st 202

THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY LEADERS’ PERSPECTIVES OF HIGHER EDUCATION SAFETY CULTURE

To safeguard the health and well-being of faculty, students, staff, and the community is of moral imperative for higher education institutions. Likewise, protecting the environment is a socially sound practice. Furthermore, building and maintaining a positive safety culture is believed to contribute to productive environmental health and safety (EH&S) outcomes. Higher education EH&S leaders are at the center of universities’ efforts in maintaining a positive safety culture. The purpose of this inquiry was to study higher education EH&S leaders’ perspectives on safety culture and contribute to closing the academic literature gap in the higher education setting. Interviews and a survey were the data collection techniques. EH&S leaders of U.S. higher education institutions participated in the study. I used Cooper’s (2000, 2016) reciprocal safety culture model as a theoretical framework and a mixed methods research design to find answers to the research questions. The survey results revealed how EH&S leaders viewed different aspects of their operations, and findings from the interviews revealed the leaders’ lived experiences. For example, the quantitative study showed 100% of the participants strongly agree or agree that shaping the safety culture of their campus is part of their role. In addition, the qualitative data identified distinct strategies employed by leaders to shape the safety culture of their campuses. Four major themes were identified in the qualitative data. In the first theme, The Higher Education Safety Culture, the EH&S leaders reflected on their lived experiences and the importance of positive safety culture in accomplishing their goals. They mobilize their campus communities in a collective effort to achieve a healthy and safe working environment, minimize the impact on the environment, and remain compliant with regulatory requirements. The second theme, Higher Education Environmental Health and Safety Programs, stressed the plans and procedures the leaders and their departments engage in their daily operations. The third theme, Higher Education Management’s Role in Environmental Health and Safety Operations, manifested the leaders’ equivocal voice on the necessity of the higher education leadership and upper management support to fulfill their missions. The last theme, Modus Operandi of Higher Education Environmental Health and Safety Leaders, is about a range of strategies and tactics the EH&S leaders employed to succeed in a structured, bureaucratic, and challenging environment. The findings have direct implications for both higher education EH&S professionals and higher education senior leadership. The study findings implied EH&S leaders should focus their effort where it generates the best outcome, namely: (a) orchestrate the campus community toward a positive safety; (b) build and implement effective EH&S programs; (c) bring upper management and leadership aboard; (d) apply effective communication; (e) build trust; (f) define their role as a consultant; (g) stand out; and (h) create a brand, motto, and slogan where possible. For higher education senior leadership, participants emphasized the necessity of upper management and leadership support to build and maintain a positive safety culture on the campus, agreeing with Cooper (2000, 2016). This work helps contribute to making higher education senior leadership and upper management understand their role in their campuses’ safety culture and provide due support and actively participate. This study served as an initial exploration in understanding higher education EH&S leaders’ perspectives on safety culture and contributing to closing the literature gap. It also opened a door for future research. Broadening the audience to students, faculty, and staff are reasonable candidates for further research for a more comprehensive understanding of the safety culture in higher education. In addition, expanding the survey to include more EH&S leaders of higher education will elaborate on the EH&S operations, challenges, and sentiment

Biology, Dispersal and Management of Coffee Berry Disease: A Review

Colletotrichum spp. are the most important plant pathogenic fungi affecting tissues of leaves, flowers, fruit, stems and crown parts of different crops. They are predominantly found in tropical and subtropical rejoins of humid and sub-humid areas. From these, coffee berry disease (CBD) caused by the fungus Colletotrichum kahawae which is one of the predominant challenges in coffee production. Hence, this review is valuable in providing better insights into the extent spread, and biology of CBD pathogen from different findings and helpful for the selection of better management strategies for this disease. The slow growth form of C. kahawae is varied metabolically by its inability to use either citrate or titrate as a sole carbon source, and conidial production, dispersion and germination takes place in the presence of moisture. Also, the conidia from mummified berries and twig barks disseminated by rain splashes are the primary inoculums sources. Also, spore movement is down ward in tree canopies with the guide of water movement. Passive vectors that can carry viable spores like man, insects, vehicles and birds assist long distance movement, and free movement of coffee planting materials from CBD infected origin fasten frequent distribution of the disease. In spite of little attention received at the early stage of its emergence, African coffee growers soon observed a rapid dissemination throughout important Arabica coffee growing areas which causes 75% losses in Kenya within short time of its appearance. Moreover the impact due to this disease can cause100% losses in the area where effective management options like cultural practices, host plant resistance, biological control and chemical control are not applied.  So, in order to improve the income gained from coffee sector especially in the areas where it highly produced and offer as essential economic source like Ethiopia needs great emphasis of disease diagnosis as well. Keywords: Coffea arabica, Disease management, Disease symptoms, Epidemiology, Life cycle DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/10-20-03 Publication date:October 31st 202

Determinants of Farmers’ Willingness to Participate in Soil Conservation Practices in Jinga Bilu Kebele Gololcha Woreda

This study aimed at identifying determinants of farmer’s   willingness to participate in soil conservation practice and assessing effects of soil erosion and use of soil conservation practice in the society. Data were collected through structured interview from 75 farmers. Descriptive statistics were used to analyzsis the data, Binary logit model was employed to analyze determinants of farmers’ willingness to participate in soil conservation practices. Eight explanatory variables were included in the model of which four were significant at less than 10% probability levels. The significant variables were age of household head; extension service, technological awareness, and consumer-worker ratio are some of the variables that have significant effect on WTP.specifically, the age of the household have a negative and significant impact on farmers’ willingness to participate in soil conservation practices. The assistance of extension agent was affect positively and significantly, the farmers’ willingness to participate in soil conservation practices. The dependency ratio also affects negatively and significantly, willingness to participate in soil conservation that is as the number of consumer-worker increases the willingness to participate decrease. Policy makers and government should encourage and provide technical advice to farmers who are practicing soil conservation at their own initiative and using their indigenous knowledge. Researchers should also develop appropriate soil conservation technologies for each particular situation, incorporating farmers’ indigenous knowledge. More specifically, as farmers are well adapted to the local ecology and the farming systems, incorporating their indigenous practices would increase acceptability and sustainability of soil conservation Keywords: willingness to participate, soil conservation, participation DOI: 10.7176/JEES/9-1-0

Factors Associated with Perceived Continuation of Females' Genital Mutilation among Women in Ethiopia

Background: Females genital mutilation is one of the harmful traditional practices affecting the health of women and children. It has a long-term physiological, sexual and psychological effect on women. Females’ genital mutila-tion still remains to be a serious problem for large proportion of women in most sub-Saharan Africa countries including Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to identify the main factors contributing to the support for the continuation of female genital mutilations in Ethiopia. Methods: This study was conducted based on secondary data obtained from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2005. A two-stage stratified cluster sampling design was applied for selecting the sampling units. Both descriptive and binary logistic regression analyses were used to analyse the data using SPSS for Windows version 16. Results: The results on both descriptive and logistic regression model revealed that predictor variables like edu-cation, religion, residence, knowledge on ways of HIV transmission and region play significant role in determining the dependent variable. As a result, all predictor variables were strongly associated with the dependent variable. Regarding the fit of the model, support for the continuation of FGM, decreased with increase in education status. Furthermore, Muslim among other religions, and Somali and Afar among other regions, were more likely to sup-port for the continuation of FGM. Conclusion: There was low awareness with less education status, Somali and Afar regions, rural residence, and Muslim religion were predictors of continuation of females’ genital mutilation

Genotype by Environment Interaction and Seed Yield Stability of Soybean Cultivars in Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia

Soybean is a crop of growing importance in Ethiopia. However, its production and productivity are affected by a limited access to improved cultivars in many areas. Hence, the performance of eight nationally released cultivars were evaluated for seed yield, seed protein and oil contents in Eastern Amhara area. The experiments were conducted for two consecutive years under rain fed condition at three locations using randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of varianceindicated that the tested cultivars showed inconsistent performance over locations and years. Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction [AMMI] analysis showed that 64.66%, 7.46% and 13.43% of the total variation was attributed to the respective environmental, genotypic and genotype by environment interaction effects. AMMI Stability Value and Genotype Selection Index were used to select stable cultivars with high seed protein or oil content, respectively for areas where seed protein or oil content is the primary production objective. Keywords: AMMI, seed protein, seed oil DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/13-16-01 Publication date:September 30th 202

Combined Effects of 1-MCP and Export Packaging on Quality and Shelf-life of Cavendish Banana (Musa sp.)

The effect of four concentration levels of 1-methylcyclopropene-1-MCP (17.5µl/L), 10.5µl/L, 3.5 µl/L and  0 µl/L or untreated control) in combination with three levels of export standard banana packaging materials with modified atmosphere (MA) storage effect was investigated under ambient conditions (22+1 °C and 80 + 5% RH) on shelf life and physicochemical quality attributes of Cavendish banana (Musa AAA Group, Cavendish Subgroup, cultivar ‘Poyo’, syn: ‘Robusta’). 1-MCP treatment with increased levels of concentration and increased levels of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) generally extended shelf life and maintained better quality of fresh banana fruits when applied separately and in combination. The longest shelf life (36 days) with the lowest changes in physicochemical properties was obtained when fruits were kept in corrugated cardboard boxes with inner sealed or non-perforated  polyethylene bags (PEP) after treatment with the highest concentration of 1-MCP 17.5µl/L. This could be credited to the higher inhibitory effect of 1-MCP on both the synthesis and action of ethylene when applied at the stated level of concentration and the stronger modified atmosphere (MA) condition created by the inner non-perforated PEP kept within the corrugated cardboard boxes. Thus, this technique could be considered as a less sophisticated and less costly postharvest handling alternative (storage and transportation) under ambient conditions to the temperature controlled (14oC) reefer container-based system currently employed in Ethiopia and elsewhere for fresh banana exports. Keywords: Cavendish banana; 1-Methylecyclopropene (1-MCP), export standard packaging; shelf-life, physicochemical qualit

Assessment of the Training and Development Scheme in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia

Organization like commercial Bank of Ethiopia are giving due attention to training and development. However they are still over looking the effective way of assessing the needs for training and development. This survey is aimed at sensitizing manager to be aware of the problem associated-with training need assessment. The case study was carried out drawing a sample from those employees .' ~ . who have taken .training and currently working in Addis Ababa branch. Data was collected using Questioner in the form of rating scale. The other data w~ collected from the training and development officer using personal interview, technique. The collected data was analyzed through table and percentage. The finding revealed that the need assessment practice was poor in the bank especially for management development trainees.Jimma Universit

Assessment of the Challenges and Opportunities of Sustainable Forest Management in Case of Burka Chilalo Kebele

In Ethiopia, natural resource degradation has become a serious environmental problem. Deforestation, which is occurring at an alarming rate, is one of such problems and a key factor challenging food security, community livelihood and sustainable development. There are many serious problems in our country as well as in burka chilalo kebele which need active solutions, such as: high population growth, deforestation, scarcity of agricultural land, expansion of desertification and soil erosion. The study was conduct in one district in Burka chilalo kebele and other geographical areas are not included in the study. Moreover the study was limited only about challenges and opportunities of sustainable forest management. The general objective of the study was to assess the challenges and opportunities of sustainable forest management in burka chilalo kebele forest. The study was conducted in tiyo woreda specifically in Burka chilalokebele which is found in Tiyo woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia Part of the Arsi Zone. The data was -collected through sample survey method. The information was collected from secondary and primary data sources. The major challenges of the forest in  Burka chilalo Kebele (BCK) Burka chilalo woreda were deforestation, over population, clearing forest for agricultural land and overgrazing. Generally Burka chilalo is endowed with diverse natural resource in general and forest resource in particular. But due to unwise use of the forest resource of the area which has been taking place for centuries, the remaining forest coverage is extremely very small and declining Keywords: Burka chilalo, forest management, challenges, opportunities

Observed and Projected Reciprocate Effects of Agriculture and Climate Change: Implications on Ecosystems and Human Livelihoods

The objective of this chapter is to review, from several literatures, the contribution of agriculture to climate change and the reciprocal effects of climate change on agriculture and the general consequent implications on human livelihoods and ecosystems. Human activities have already had a discernible impact on the earth’s climate leading to growing evidence of observable impacts of climate change on physical and biological systems. In no doubt, agriculture provides the world population of 7 billion with the food that we all eat every day. In addition, 1.4 billion people work in agriculture and more than 2.5 billion people sustain their livelihood on agriculture. But agriculture is one of the contributors of greenhouse gases to climate change and climate change affects agriculture in return. When the global mean temperature change increases beyond 3.5°C, most of the species will have very few suitable areas for their survival and will become extinct. Several hundred million people are seriously affected by climate change today, with several hundred thousand annual deaths. Human impacts of climate change include scarcity of freshwater resources, weather-related disasters, food insecurity due to agricultural loss, migration, and displacement due to loss of settlements. These recalled nations to limit their GHG emission, ensure sustainable ecosystem, food production, and economic development so as to calm down the impacts of climate change