Massive Pleural Effusion Due to Metastases of Prostate Cancer

We describe the case of a 72-year old male with pleural effusion associated with prostate cancer. There was a previous history of tobacco smoking (pack/year: 47) and of total prostatectomy followed by external beam radiation therapy seven years previously for prostate cancer. Furthermore, he was submitted to orchiectomy plus non-steroidal anti- androgen blockage, in addition to docetaxel-based chemotherapy and prednisone. After the beginning of chemotherapy, a progressive elevation in PSA levels was observed. On admission, he presented with fever, weight loss, and respiratory symptoms due to a massive right pleural effusion. Fluid samples obtained by needle aspiration showed haemorrhagic exudates without malignant cells. Pleural implants were detected by thorax imaging studies, and biopsy samples revealed prostate adenocarcinoma as the origin of his pleural effusion. Pleural fluid was drained and talc pleurodesis was performed. This report aims to describe the occurrence of massive pleural effusion due to metastases of prostate cancer, and emphasizes the role of pleural biopsy with immunohistochemical studies to characterize this diagnosis. Keywords: immunohistochemistry, metastasis, pleura, pleural effusion, prostate cance

Massive Pleural Effusion Due to Metastasis of Prostate Cancer

We describe the case of a 72-year old male with pleural effusion associated with prostate cancer. There was a previous history of tobacco smoking (pack/year: 47) and of total prostatectomy followed by external beam radiation therapy seven years previously for prostate cancer. Furthermore, he was submitted to orchiectomy plus non-steroidal anti-androgen blockage, in addition to docetaxel-based chemotherapy and prednisone. After the beginning of chemotherapy, a progressive elevation in prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels was observed. On admission, he presented with fever, weight loss, and respiratory symptoms due to a massive right pleural effusion. Fluid samples obtained by needle aspiration showed haemorrhagic exudates without malignant cells. Pleural metastasis were detected by thorax imaging studies, and biopsy samples revealed prostate adenocarcinoma as the origin of his pleural effusion. Pleural fluid was drained and talc pleurodesis was performed. This report aims to describe the occurrence of massive pleural effusion due to metastasis of prostate cancer, and emphasizes the role of pleural biopsy with immunohistochemical studies to characterize this diagnosis. Key words: Immunohistochemistry, metastasis, pleura, pleural effusion, prostate cancer "Efusión Pleural Masiva Debido a Metástasis de Cáncer de Próstata" VM dos Santos, MM da Silva Zembrzuski, IP Gouvea, NS Nery, LAM dos Santos RESUMEN Se describe un hombre de 72 años con efusión pleural asociada con cáncer de próstata. Había antecedentes de tabaquismo (47 paquetes por año) así como una historia de prostatectomía radical, seguida por terapia de radiación externa, siete años antes. Además, se le sometió a orquiectomía junto con bloqueo antiandrogénico no esteroideo, además de quimioterapia a base de docetaxel y prednisona. Después de iniciada la quimioterapia, se observó una elevación progresiva en los niveles de PSA. En el momento del ingreso, el paciente presentaba fiebre, pérdida de peso, y síntomas respiratorios debidos a una efusión pleural derecha voluminosa. Las muestras de fluido obtenidas mediante punción aspira-tiva con aguja fina, mostraron exudados hemorrágicos sin células malignas. Se detectaron implantes pleurales con los estudios imaginológicos del tórax, y las muestras de la biopsia revelaron que el origen de su efusión pleural, era un adenocarcinoma de la próstata. Se drenó el fluido pleural, y se procedió a practicar una pleurodesis con talco. Este reporte tiene por objetivo describir la ocurrencia de la efusión pleural masiva debido a la metástasis del cáncer de la próstata, y enfatiza el papel que desempeña la biopsia pleural junto a los estudios inmunohistoquímicos a la hora de caracterizar este diagnóstico. Palabras clave: Inmuno histoquímica, metástasis, efusión pleural, cáncer de próstat

Paracoccidioidomicose aguda/subaguda disseminada. Primeiro caso no Rio Grande do Sul Acute/subacute disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis. First case in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

É relatado o primeiro caso autóctone de paracoccidioidomicose disseminada aguda/subaguda ocorrido em criança no Rio Grande do Sul. A doença iniciou com adenomegalias superficiais generalizadas, seis meses antes da internação hospitalar. O diagnóstico foi feito através de biópsia de gânglio cervical. É comentado o espectro de formas clínicas da micose observado nesse Estado.<br>The first autochthonous case of acute/subacute disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis observed in a child in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) is reported. The disease started with widespread superficial lymphadenopathy six months before the patient was admitted to the hospital. The diagnosis was made through a cervical lymph node biopsy. The spectrum of the clinical forms of the mycosis observed in this State is commented upon

Histoplasmose pulmonar aguda no Rio Grande do Sul Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

INTRODUÇÃO: A histoplasmose pulmonar aguda depende da inalação de uma grande quantidade de propágulos fúngicos por um paciente hígido. O tempo de exposição determina a gravidade da doença. Uma epidemia é influenciada por fatores que afetam o crescimento e a transmissão do Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum na natureza. OBJETIVO: Identificar os aspectos epidemiológicos e clínico-laboratoriais dos pacientes com histoplasmose pulmonar aguda no Rio Grande do Sul e compará-los com as microepidemias relatadas no Brasil. MÉTODO: Foram revisados 212 prontuários clínicos de pacientes com histoplasmose dos arquivos do Laboratório de Micologia do Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre (RS) num período de 25 anos (1977-2002). Foram identificados e incluídos no estudo os casos de histoplasmose pulmonar aguda com cultivo positivo e/ou achado histopatológico compatível. As microepidemias foram diagnosticadas com a comprovação de um caso ou evidência soromicológica com história clínica compatível. Foram revisadas as microepidemias publicadas no Brasil. RESULTADOS: Dezoito de um total de 212 pacientes (8,5%) foram incluídos no trabalho. A idade variou de 8 a 63 anos (média de 35,4; mediana de 34,5), e 67% eram do sexo masculino. A história epidemiológica foi sugestiva em 11 pacientes (61%). O tipo primário de histoplasmose pulmonar aguda foi o mais freqüente (17; 95%). Houve predomínio de casos isolados. CONCLUSÃO: O reconhecimento de casos isolados e a presença de microepidemias demonstram a abundância do H. capsulatum no solo, e juntamente com a ocorrência de todas as formas da doença, confirmam o Rio Grande do Sul como hiperendêmico para histoplasmose.<br>BACKGROUND: Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis is a respiratory infection occurring when an otherwise healthy individual inhales a large quantity of fungal propagules. Length of exposure determines disease severity. An epidemic is influenced by factors affecting the growth and transmission of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum in nature. OBJECTIVE: To identify epidemiological and clinical aspects of patients with acute pulmonary histoplasmosis in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and compare these aspects with those of other cluster outbreaks reported in Brazil. METHOD: The charts of 212 patients diagnosed with histoplasmosis over a 25-year period (1977-2002) were obtained from the archives of the Laboratório de Micologia from Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa (Santa Casa Hospital Mycology Laboratory), in the city of Porto Alegre (RS). In reviewing these patient charts, we identified and included in the study cases of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis in which there was a positive culture and/or histopathological findings consistent with the diagnosis. Outbreaks were defined as one confirmed case or positive immunodifusion Histoplasma capsulatum with compatible clinical history. All reported Brazilian outbreaks were reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 212 patient charts reviewed, 18 (8.5%) were selected for inclusion in the study. Among those 18 patients, ages ranged from 8 to 63 years (median, 35.4), and 67% were male. Epidemiological histories were suggestive of the disease in 11 patients (61%). The most common disease type, seen in 17 patients (95%), was primary acute pulmonary histoplasmosis, and there was a predominance of isolated cases. CONCLUSION: The identification of isolated cases and the presence of cluster outbreaks demonstrate the abundance of H. capsulatum in the soil and, together with the occurrence of all forms of the disease, confirms the assumption that Rio Grande do Sul is a hyperendemic region for histoplasmosis