Thermohydrodynamics in Quantum Hall Systems

A theory of thermohydrodynamics in two-dimensional electron systems in quantizing magnetic fields is developed including a nonlinear transport regime. Spatio-temporal variations of the electron temperature and the chemical potential in the local equilibrium are described by the equations of conservation with the number and thermal-energy flux densities. A model of these flux densities due to hopping and drift processes is introduced for a random potential varying slowly compared to both the magnetic length and the phase coherence length. The flux measured in the standard transport experiment is derived and is used to define a transport component of the flux density. The equations of conservation can be written in terms of the transport component only. As an illustration, the theory is applied to the Ettingshausen effect, in which a one-dimensional spatial variation of the electron temperature is produced perpendicular to the current.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figur

Transport Phenomena of Inversion Layers in High Magnetic Fields

The discovery of the quantum Hall effect in 1980 has demonstrated the importance of two- dimensional electronic systems for application and fundamental research. In this paper a review of some transport phenomena in such systems in high magnetic fields is given

Coseismic coastal subsidence associated with unusually wide rupture of prehistoric earthquakes on the Kamchatka subduction zone: A record in buried erosional scarps and tsunami deposits

Highlights • Unprecedented record of 3 unusually wide earthquakes (of >30) in last 4000 years. • Of 5 historical earthquakes on this subduction-zone segment, none is comparable. • Tephra correlation of coseismic subsidence, tsunamis and buried beach scarps. • New methods quantify subsidence, tsunami size, erosional retreat for each event. • New insights into millennial-scale variability of subduction-zone behavior. Abstract The prograding strand plain of Avachinsky Bay, Kamchatka, Russia, along the highly active Kamchatka subduction zone, exhibits geological evidence--buried erosional scarps--for coseismic subsidence only three times in the last four millennia, the last event about 1200 years ago. This same coast has a historical record (since A.D. 1737) of five subduction-zone earthquakes with large tsunami runup (>5 m), the last of which was the 1952 Mw 9 Kamchatka earthquake, and a geological record of more than 30 large tsunamis in the last 4000 years. This rarity of buried scarps relative to large earthquakes contrasts with the Cascadia strand plain in SW Washington State, where most or all large events are represented by buried scarps. A strong factor in the amplitude and sign of coseismic deformation is distance from the seaward edge of a subduction zone (the trench); the Avachinsky Bay coastline is 180–200 km from the trench, with ∼25° slab dip, requiring unusually wide ruptures to generate significant coseismic subsidence. This coastal zone is undergoing net subsidence approximately equivalent to the total of the three coseismic subsidence events, generating a sequence of beach ridges that increase in elevation seaward. Each of the three unusual (coseismic subsidence) events comprises a) an earthquake whose deformation field caused b) onshore coseismic subsidence, thus local sea-level rise and c) sufficient deformation offshore to produce a large tsunami; a,b,c followed by d) a period of coastal erosion and shoreline retreat, leaving e) an erosional beach scarp that was f) subsequently buried once progradation resumed. We identified, dated and correlated the scarps and tsunami deposits from these events with several field methods, including trenching, tephrostratigraphy and ground penetrating radar. The scarps were correlated over an alongshore distance of 50–70 km. The most recent event (event 1) occurred ∼800 cal AD (1100–1250 14С years BP), event 2–600 cal BC (2400–2450 14С years BP), and event 3–1700 cal BC (3300–3500 14С years BP). We developed methods for quantifying subsidence, coastal erosion and tsunami size for each of these events. All three retain evidence of ∼0.4–1.2 m of coseismic subsidence; coastal erosion in the case of event 1 averaged more than 100 m; all three “event” tsunamis were amongst the largest in the last 4000 years