Silivri (İstanbul) ve Çanakkale Boğazı Arasındaki Denizel Sedimanların Element Konsantrasyonlarının ICP-OES ve LIBS Yöntemleri İle Analizi ve Korelasyonu

In this work, the LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) and ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical EmissionSpectrometer) technique applied to the determination of total concentration of some elements (Fe, Zn, Al, Mn, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Na,Mg, K, Ca) derived from soil samples of Marmara Sea. To support to the technique, LIBS data were compared with data have beenobtained on the same soil samples by application of Conventional Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Thesimilarity of results obtained between the two sets of data suggested the potential applicability of the LIBS technique to the measurement of elements in soils. According to the study, it has been seen that the elements determined by ICP-OES analysis alsodetermined by LIBS method. It has the advantages of being faster than other traditional methods, being portable, having low analysiscosts, not being damaged and re-used during the analysis and short preparation period. However, the LIBS method is an important andpractical technique for the determination of elements of natural and anthropogenic origin. In the analysis made by ICP-OES method,the amounts of the elements in ppm are determined, while the results of LIBS analysis show the presence of the element only in %.According to LIBS method, Zn, Mn, Co, Cr and Cu concentrations vary according to each region. In this study, according to ICP-OESanalysis, Zn (42.2-111.7 ppm), Mn (163.2-581.1 ppm), Co (37.14-65.87 ppm), Cr (42.5-112.6 ppm), Cu (5.71-24.33 ppm), Ni ( 98.20-175.55 ppm), Al (16568.8-24850.9 ppm), Fe (20936.9-37397.9 ppm), Na (5223.4-12384.7), Mg (4800.4-7385.3 ppm), K (3290.8-5582.0) and Ca (42405.2-154577.0 ppm) ). LIBS analysis results showed that parallels Zn (0-22%), Mn (0-28%), Co (0-21%), Cr (0-23%), Cu (0-19%), Ni (%) 0-2), Al (67-78%), Fe (94-95%), Na (70-87%), Mg (82-90%), K (85-94%), Ca (66-%) 80). The LIBSmethod is an important technique for identifying elements enriched with anthropogenic factors and elements originating from naturalprocesses. The LIBS method can be used to determine the source of elements in marine or terrestrial environments. In addition, theLIBS method; It has also shown important results in the determination of toxic elements such as Mn, Cr, Co and Cu which increase inmarine sediment by anthropogenic factors.Bu çalışmada Marmara Denizi deniz sedimanlarının toksik element (Fe, Zn, Al, Mn, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Na, Mg, K, Ca) konsantrasyonları LIBS (Lazer İndüklenmiş Plazma Spektroskopisi) ve ICP-OES (İndüktif Eşleşmiş Plazma-Optik Emisyon Spektrometresi) teknikleri ile belirlenmiştir. LIBS tekniği ile elde edilen sonuçların desteklenmesi için aynı sediman örnekleri ICPOES yöntemi ile de analiz edilmiştir. İki yöntemden de elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırıldığında LIBS yönteminin sediman örnekleri üzerinde kullanılabilirliği görülmüştür. Çünkü ICP-OES ile elde edilen sonuçlar ile LIBS ile elde edilen sonuçlar birbirleri ile paralellik göstermektedir. Geleneksel diğer tüm yöntemlerden hızlı sonuç vermesi, taşınabilir olması, analiz maliyetlerinin düşük olması, kullanılan örneğin analiz sırasında zarar görmemesi ve tekrar kullanılabilmesi ve ön hazırlık sürecinin kısa olması gibi avantajları vardır. Bununla birlikte LIBS yöntemi, doğal ve antropojenik kökenli elementlerin belirlenmesi için önemli ve pratik bir tekniktir. Bu metot günümüzde gıda, çevre, sağlık ve tekstil alanlarında kullaılan yeni bir yöntemdir. ICP-OES yöntemiyle yapılan analiz sonuçlarında elementlerin miktarları ppm cinsinden, LIBS yöntemiyle elde edilen analiz sonuçları ise sadece % cinsinden verilmektedir. Bu çalışmada ICP-OES analizi sonucuna göre Zn (42.2-111.7 ppm), Mn (163.2-581.1 ppm), Co (37.14-65.87 ppm), Cr (42.5-112.6 ppm), Cu (5.71-24.33 ppm), Ni (98.20-175.55 ppm), Al (16568.8-24850.9 ppm), Fe (20936.9-37397.9 ppm), Na (5223.4- 12384.7), Mg (4800.4-7385.3 ppm), K (3290.8-5582.0), Ca (42405.2-154577.0 ppm) olarak elde edilmiştir. LIBS analiz sonuçlarıda; Zn (% 0-22), Mn (%0-28), Co (%0-21), Cr (%0-23), Cu (%0-19), Ni (%0-2), Al (%67-78), Fe (%94-95), Na (%70-87), Mg (%82-90), K (%85-94), Ca (%66-80) olarak elde edilmiştir. Sonuçlar incelendiğinde LIBS yönteminin; Antropojenik faktörlerle deniz sedimentinde artan Mn, Cr, Co ve Cu gibi toksik elementlerin belirlenmesinde önemli sonuçlar verdiği görülmüştür. Denizel veya karasal ortamlardaki elementlerin kaynağını belirlemek için LIBS metodu, ICP-OES metodu ile paralellik gösterdiği için kullanılabilir

Radionuclide potential of holocene sediments in the west of marmara sea (Turkey)

Radionuclides that cause radioactive pollution descend to the bottom in marine and water environments such as heavy metals and accumulate in bottom sediments. It is useful to determine the radionuclides in these environments to control the radionuclide release and its damage. Radioactive pollution can harm people’s life directly or through the food chain. In this study, natural and artificial radionuclide values were measured in Recent sediment samples taken from the seabed in the western part of the Marmara Sea. Gamma spectrometry method was used in radionuclide examinations. In gamma spectrometry studies of sediments, values of radionuclides (40K,137Cs,226Ra,54Mn,95Z, and232Th) were determined. Sea depths where 18 analyzed seafloor sediments are taken vary between 15-50 m. The determined radionuclide concentration activity values of the study area are137Cs (0.9-9.4 (Bq / kg)),232Th (18.9-86 (Bq / kg)),226Ra (10-50 (Bq / kg)),40K (24.4-670 (Bq / kg)),54Mn (0.71-0.9 (Bq / kg)) and95Zr (0.18-0.19 (Bq / kg)). These values were correlated with the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). The226Ra series,232Th series, and 40K radionuclides accumulate naturally, and their concentrations increase gradually due to anthropogenic impurities.226Ra values obtained across the study areas are within normal limits according to UNSCEAR values.40K and232Th values were higher than UNSCEAR values in all locations. 137 Cs (0.9-9.4 (Bq / kg)) from almost all locations reveals a risky situation in terms of ambient conditions because this element cannot be found in the natural environment and can be found artificially as an end of radioactivity. © 2020, Turkish Chemical Society. All rights reserved

Geographical Distribution of Toxic Elements in Northeast Marmara Sea Sediments and Analysis of Toxic Element Pollution By Various Pollution Index Methods (Istanbul/Turkey)

In this study, the geographic distribution of toxic element concentrations was determined in Northeast Marmara Sea (Istanbul/Turkey) sediments. In addition, the pollution degree of the environment was analyzed using various pollution index methods. Geochemical analysis of 28 elements were performed in sediment samples. The concentrations of several elements (especially Fe, Mn, Ti, Zn, and Cr) were found to be very high in some locations. At sites, where heavy metal concentrations were high, foraminifera genera and species numbers and number of individuals were very low. The low number of foraminifera in the samples taken from some regions could be due to uncontrolled ship traffic and domestic and industrial discharges.Yildiz Technical University Scientific Research Projects CommissionYildiz Technical University [FBA-2018-3351]The author thanks FORMKAR Ltd. Sti for their studies on drilling and core sampling and Melike ONCE for the preparation of the samples in the laboratory and also for the separation studies of other fossils. The author also thanks Yildiz Technical University Scientific Research Projects Commission for accepting and financing this study (Project no: FBA-2018-3351)

Gamma Dose Values of Stratigraphic Units of Behramkale (Çanakkale) - Zeytinli (Edremit-Balikesir) Section of Kaz Mountains

In this study, gamma dose values were measured at 25 locations around a distance of 60 km parallel to the Aegean Sea in Güre, Küçükkuyu and Kazdağı regions. These measurements were made by keeping the Eberline Smart Portable (ESP) scintillator detector constant at a height of 1 meter above ground level. A SPA-6 plastic scintillation sensor is connected to the instrument tip to perform the measurement. These devices are direct measurement of external radiation. As the measurements were carried out in the open area, 0.2 occupancy factor was used in the calculations. In the studies, the highest effective dose value was calculated as 0.3 mSv at the location 2 (Asos Kadırga Bay). The lowest effective dose value is 0.054 mSV at the 15th location (Avcılar Village Mountain slope) and the average annual gamma dose is 0.14 mSv. For the study area, when the lifetime risk of cancer was calculated using gamma effective dose values, it was determined at the highest 2. locations (0.0012) and the lowest at the 15th locations (0,21x10-3). The average lifetime cancer risk value (2,39x10-4) of Turkey, were compared with values calculated in this study. In this comparison, the gamma dose values of locations 9 and 15 were lower and the values of other locations were higher. © 2020, Turkish Chemical Society. All rights reserved

Investigation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in The Gulf of Izmit (Marmara Sea) Altinova Shipyard Region

In this study, heavy metal concentrations (Ca, Mg, Hg, As, Sb, Ag, Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Zn, Ti, Th, U, Mo, Cd) amounts were measured by examining marine sediment samples obtained from the coasts of the Izmit Bay Altınova shipyards region. The natural and anthropogenic pollution levels of the region were revealed by the analysis of sediment samples. The extent to which the marine ecosystem may have been affected by the shipyard activities that have been actively carried out in the region for the last ten years was also investigated. Heavy metal analyses of sediment samples were carried out by the XRF method. In addition, the morphological and surface features of the sediment grains were obtained by SEM analysis, and the element contents of seawater samples obtained from the region were determined with an ICP-OES device. The heavy metal pollution level of the region was revealed by evaluation of the data obtained as a result of the analysis. The results of the XRF analysis showed that the heavy metals, which are toxic for humans, such as cadmium (max 17.984 ppm), lead (max 31.302 ppm), nickel (max 71.725 ppm) and arsenic (max 13.852 ppm) were detected. According to the results of elemental analysis with ICP-OES, Hg, As, Sb, Ag, Al, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, V, Ti, U, Mo, and Cd were below the measurable limit. © 2022, Turkish Chemical Society. All rights reserved

Investigation of Sediment Records of Kulakçayiri Lake (Istanbul)

In this study, the date of the Holocene sediments of Kulakçayırı Lake was determined and the sedimentation rates were calculated. The determined sedimentation rates provide important clues about the climatic and ecological characteristics of the study area. Especially in aquatic environments, it is important to date sediment processes in order to monitor the time-dependent changes in the pollution processes of sediments. In this context, radiocarbon (14C) analysis was performed in order to date the sediments. Liquid scintillation spectrometry was used to find the radioactivity of the 14C isotope. Three drilling samples were taken from the study area (Kulakçayırı Lake / Istanbul) for 14C analysis. According to the results of 14C analysis of the samples taken; Sediment deposition in SK-1 sample took place in 5599 years, in SK-2 in 7596 years and in SK-3 in 8060 years. Sedimentation rates are; SK-1> SK-2> SK-3. From the data obtained, it was observed that the sedimentation rate has different rates at different points of the lake. There is no stream bringing material to the lake. Therefore, it can be said that a slow storage dominates the lake in general

Investigation of Inland Pollution Using Total Carbon (Tc), Total Organic Carbon (Toc), Inorganic Carbon (Ic), Total Nitrogen (Tn) and Toc/Tn Ratios

In this study, sediment samples were taken at three different points in Edremit Bay at different depths from the sea floor. In Edremit Bay, it was investigated whether the pollution was marine or terrestrial. According the results of measurement of TOC (Total Organic Carbon) values have been yielded results between 10.35-20.36 (Kucukkuyu), 8.14-16.40 (Gore), and 2.71-12.60 g/kg (Dikili) in the marine sediments. The fact that first and second regions are susceptible to mountainous and infra-continental erosion (sedimentation 5.743 and 7.509 mm/year) increased the TOC value. The highest TOC/TN ratio (12.33-46.89) was found in the second region. No linear change in TOC and TOC/TN (Total Nitrogen) ratios was observed at all three points depending on the depth. At results of compared all carotes, the low TOC/TN (2.82-14.48) ratio have been observed in the BH1 carotes, probably the result of small stream beds and low intra-continental erosion. This study shows that TOC and TOC/TN ratios in different parts of Edremit Gulf show inconsistency and this inconsistency arises not only from the marine contribution their natural organic matter, but also from the continent

Subrecent charophyte flora from Çesşmealti (Izmir Gulf, Western Turkey): Palaeoecological implications

A charophyte assemblage from lower Holocene sediments in ces,mealti (Izmir Gulf, Turkey) is described and illustrated for the first time here. This assemblage is composed of well-preserved gyrogonites and oospores of Lamprothamnium papulosum, which occur in association with seeds of Ruppia cf. maritima and up to eight ostracod species and 22 benthic foraminiferal taxa. The fossil assemblage was extracted from five clay intervals of the SK-2 borehole. The presence of monospecific assemblages of L. papulosum indicates that very shallow (up to 1 m deep), brackish, alkaline, and oligotrophic waters prevailed in the gulf under strong seasonality (marked cyclical changes in humidity and/or temperature). The dominance of germinated gyrogonites suggests that the water salinity of the lagoon decreased during the humid season, reaching at least 10 parts per thousand. The associated ostracod fauna supports the palaeoenvironmental conditions inferred from the flora. Despite the gulf receiving considerable freshwater input, it remained semiconnected to the sea, as indicated by the diverse foraminifera assemblage. The availability of freshwater in the Izmir Gulf during the early Holocene Climatic Optimum, between-9000 and 5000 years BP, might have played an important role for the first human settlements in the area dating back 5500 years BP.Project TUBITAK, 2214-A International Research Fellowship Program (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) [1059B142100601]; Spanish Research Agency (AEI) [PID2020 - 113912 GB -100]; European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) [PID2020 - 113912 GB -100]This study was funded by the project TUBITAK, 2214-A International Research Fellowship Program 1059B142100601 Fellowship Number (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) . This work is a contribution of the project IBERINSULA (PID2020 - 113912 GB -100/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) . The authors thank the Yumun Engineering Limited Company who performed the borehole campaigns and provided the studied samples. The editor Dr. Elisabeth Gross and two anonymous reviewers greatly improved the manuscript. The English text was cor- rected by Michael Maudsley (Serveis linguistics , University of Barcelona)

Gebze (Kocaeli / Türkiye) Bölgesinde Maruz Kalınan Gama Doz Değerleri ve Kanser Riskinin Değerlendirilmesi

By this study, it is focused to assessment of inhalation quality for Kocaeli province especially Northeast side of Marmara Sea (Gebze county and its territory). In this case, radioactivity analysis in air was realized via air dose rate measurements around this region which is so closed neighbor to big city Istanbul. By measuring of the outdoor gamma dose rates on 35 stations, it was possible to get the average dose rate. Then it was calculated to annual dose in air. Besides, cancer risk was determined for Kocaeli. All these values were compared with the World’s references (UNSCEAR) and reported finally. It was measured the average dose rate as 23.90 $nGyhr^{-1}$ and annual dose was calculated to 29.31 ?Sv. This dose is required to excess lifetime cancer risk as 1.02x$10^{?4}$ . These values could be compared to the similar studies which existed around the world. Finally, the average annual effective dose equivalent and excess lifetime cancer risk for Kocaeli, are less than the world average. This study would be used to a reference for further investigations, besides it will be usefull to compare with different studies for Kocaeli which, will be evaluated in the future, for example after a nuclear pollution, such as based on a reactor leakage comes from Black Sea region and neighbours, nuclear attacks, etc., too. Another benefit would be made to enlarge to find this kind of studies in literature.Bu çalışmada Kocaeli ili, özellikle Marmara Denizi’nin kuzeydoğu tarafı (Gebze ili ve çevresi) gama doz değerleri ile kanser risk değerleri araştırılmıştır. Açık havadaki radyoaktivite analizleri, İstanbul’a yakın olan bu bölge için gama doz hızı ölçümleri ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma alanında 35 bölgede dış ortam gama doz oranları ölçülerek ortalama doz oranı elde etmek mümkün olmuştur. Daha sonra yıllık gama doz değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca bu değerler kullanılarak kanser risk değerleri elde edilmiştir. Tüm bu değerler Dünya Referans değerleri (UNSCEAR) ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda ortalama gama doz hızı 23.90 $nGyhr^{-1}$ , yıllık doz hızı ise 29.31 ?Sv. Yaşam boyu kanser risk değeri 1.02x$10^{?4}$ olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu değerler, dünya çapında var olan benzer çalışmalarla karşılaştırılabilir. Sonuç olarak, Kocaeli için ortalama yıllık etkin doz değeri ve yaşam boyu kanser riski değeri dünya ortalamasının altındadır. Bu çalışma, ileride yapılacak araştırmalar için referans olarak kullanılacağı gibi, ileride Kocaeli için farklı çalışmalarla karşılaştırılmasında faydalı olacaktır, örneğin bir nükleer kirlilikten sonra örneğin Karadeniz’den gelen reaktör sızıntısı gibi

Subrecent charophyte flora from Çemealti (Izmir Gulf, Western Turkey): Palaeoecological implications

A charophyte assemblage from lower Holocene sediments in Çeşmealtı (Izmir Gulf, Turkey) is described and illustrated for the first time here. This assemblage is composed of well-preserved gyrogonites and oospores of Lamprothamnium papulosum, which occur in association with seeds of Ruppia cf. maritima and up to eight ostracod species and 22 benthic foraminiferal taxa. The fossil assemblage was extracted from five clay intervals of the SK-2 borehole. The presence of monospecific assemblages of L. papulosum indicates that very shallow (up to 1 m deep), brackish, alkaline, and oligotrophic waters prevailed in the gulf under strong seasonality (marked cyclical changes in humidity and/or temperature). The dominance of germinated gyrogonites suggests that the water salinity of the lagoon decreased during the humid season, reaching at least 10‰. The associated ostracod fauna supports the palaeoenvironmental conditions inferred from the flora. Despite the gulf receiving considerable freshwater input, it remained semiconnected to the sea, as indicated by the diverse foraminifera assemblage. The availability of freshwater in the Izmir Gulf during the early Holocene Climatic Optimum, between ∼9000 and 5000 years BP, might have played an important role for the first human settlements in the area dating back 5500 years BP