The Dynamics of Trypanosomosis in and around Intensive Suppression Area in Southern TseTse Eradication Project Site, Ethiopia

This study was carried out in and around intensive suppression area of the Southern Tsetse Eradication Project in Gamo Goffa Zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities and people`s Region of Ethiopia. Assessment of the dynamics of the disease trypanosomosis was done by epidemiological surveys between December-Jan, 2008 (dry season) and April-May, 2009 (wet season). For epidemiological study bovine blood samples were collected from 700 animals and parasitological examination was carried out by dark ground/phase contrast buffy coat technique. Two species of trypanosomes namely Trypanosomacongolense and Trypanosomavivax were identified. The proportions of them were 5.5% and 3.5% in areas of intensive suppression during the dry and wet seasons, and 2.7% and 14% in regular suppression area and uncontrolled area respectively. There was no significant (p>0.05) differences in means of PCV values during the dry and wet seasons in the intensive suppression areas. However, there was significant (

Assessment of the Impacts of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Activities in Dawuro Zone, Ethiopia

  አህፅሮት የገንዲ በሽታ በቆላ ዝንብ በተወረሩ አካባቢዎች ላይ ለእንስሳት ርባታ ሥራ ከፍተኛ ማነቆ ሲሆን በዳውሮ ዞንም ተመሳሳይ የሆነ ችግር እያስከተለ ይገኛል:: በቆላ ዝንብ በተጠቁ በዞኑ አከባቢዎች የተለያዩ የቆላ ዝንብና ገንዲ በሽታ መከላከያ ዜዴዎች ተግባራዊ ሲደረጉ ቆይቷል:: ይሁን እንጂ እነዚህ ዜዴዎች ያመጡትን ፋይዳ የሚያሣይ መረጃ የለም:: በዚህ ጥናት በአከባቢው በሽታው ያለበትን ደረጃ የሚገመግም የምርምር ዜዴ በመጠቀም ከሕዳር 2017 እስከ ሰኔ 2018 እ.ኤ.አ ድረስ ምርምር ተካሂዷል:: የጥናቱ ዋና ዋና ዓላማዎችም: የቆላ ዝንብና ሌሎች የገንዲ በሽታ አስተላላፊ ነፍሳት ስርጭትን ማሰስ እና በዞኑ ተግባራዊ የተደረጉ የመከላከያ ዜዴዎች ያመጡትን ፋይዳ መገምገም ናቸው:: የተለዩ ዓላማዎችን ለማሳካት የቆላ ዝንብ ማጥመጃ መሣሪያ በመትከል የቆላ ዝንብና ሌሎች የገንዲ በሽታ አስተላላፊ ነፍሳትን መለየት ተችሏል፡፡ የተዘጋጁ መጠይቆችም ለእንስሳት አርቢዎች ተሠራጭቶ መረጃዎች ተሰብስቧል:: የዚህ ጥናት ውጤት እንደሚያሳየው የቆላ ዝንብና ሌሎች የገንዲ በሽታ አስተላላፊ ነፍሳት መጠን በቅደም ተከተል 5.37 እና 0.39 ዝንብ/ትራፕ/በቀን ሆኗል:: የመከላከያ ዜዴዎች ተግባራዊ ከመደረጉ በፊት የነበረው አማካይ የቆላ ዝንብ መጠን 0.17+0.38 ዝንብ/ትራፕ/በቀን ሲሆን ተግባራዊ ከተደረገ በኋላ ያሁኑ ጥናት ውጤት 5.50+0.51 ዝንብ/ትራፕ/በቀን ሆኖ ተመዝግቧል:: የተለያዩ የመረጃ ምንጮች እንደሚያሣዩት የመከለከያ ዜዴዎቹ ከተደረጉበት ጊዜ ጀምሮ ሳያቋርጡ እየተተገበሩ የቆዩ ቢሆንም ነገር ግን የዚህ ጥናት ውጤት እንዳረጋገጠው የቆላ ዝንብ መጠንና የበሽታው ሥርጭት ደረጃ እየጨመረ መጥቷል:: ስለሆነም የገንዲ በሽታ አስተላላፊ ነፍሳት ከቅርብ ርቀት ቀጥጥር የተደረገበትን ቦታ መልሶ በመውረር በሽታውን ሥርጭት የመጨመር ሁኔታ ሊኖር ስለሚችል ቀጣይነት ያለው የተቀናጀ እና ሀገር አቀፍ የሆነ የቆላ ዝንብና ገንዲ በሽታ መቆጣጠሪያና መከላከያ ዜዴዎች ግምገማና ክትትል መደረግ አለበት::   Abstract African Animal Trypanosomosis is the major constraint of livestock production in tsetse infested areas of Ethiopia and is the major challenge in Dawuro zone. Various interventions have been applied to control the disease in tsetse infested areas. However, there is a shortage of information on the impacts of these control methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2017 to June, 2018 with the aims of assessing the apparent prevalence of the diseases and density of tsetse flies and the impacts of applied control interventions. The trap deployment and questionnaire survey were conducted. The apparent density of tsetse and Stomoxys were 5.37 FTD and 0.39 FTD respectively. The overall mean vector density of pre-intervention was 0.17 + 0.38 while post intervention was 5.50 ± 0.51 respectively. The findings of the questionnaire survey showed that livestock keepers were familiar with ruminant trypanosomosis, its vectors as well as the effect of the major control interventions applied in areas. There are continuous control interventions applied in the area but the results show that the disease prevalence and apparent density were increasing. Therefore, a comprehensive national wise evaluation of the impacts of control interventions should be undertaken.     &nbsp

The dynamics of TseTse Fly in and around intensive suppression area of Southern Tsetse Eradication Project Site, Ethiopia

This study was carried out in and around intensive suppression area of the Southern Tsetse Eradication Project in Gamo Goffa Zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities and people`s Region of Ethiopia. Assessment of the dynamics of the vector tsetse was done by entomological survey between December-Jan, 2008 (dry season) and April-May, 2009 (wet season) in and around the intensive suppression area of the project site. The entomological survey revealed the presence of Glossinapallidipes as the only Glossina species in the study area. Total catch of flies were 95 and zero with averages of apparent densities of 1.6 and zero flies per trap per day during dry and wet seasons, respectively in ISA and a total catch of 8417 and 2028 with averages of apparent densities of 280.6 and 67.6 flies per trap per day in dry and wet seasons, respectively in Nech Sar National Park. In conclusion, results of seasonal and spatial dynamics of tsetse flies in intensive suppression areas and Nech Sar National Park, would be useful in planning an eradication program in the project area. Large population of tsetse flies in the Nech Sar National Park poses a risk of reinvasion and the uncontrolled animal movements in the project area may challenge the efficiency of the project.Generally continuous control and monitoring activities in the project area should be evaluated periodically and effectiveness of each control measures in specified sites must be seen in a favor of eradication program.The study would help in dynamic approach of the project planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.Keywords: Apparent density, Cattle, Intensive Suppression Area, Nech Sar National Park, Tsetse dynamics

Comparative effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs prescribed in Ethiopian healthcare practice: A pilot prospective, randomized, open label study.

BACKGROUND:Previous research has been highly suggestive that patients of African ancestry are less responsive to beta-blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. However, clinical practice within Ethiopia has continued to recommend all drugs for treatment of hypertension despite the lack of evidentiary support. Therefore this study aims to compare the effectiveness of the three major antihypertensive drugs currently prescribed in an Ethiopian health care setting to further the potential for evidence based prescribing practices. METHODS:A prospective, randomized, open label comparative study was used to determine the mean reduction in blood pressure (primary outcome) and assess cardiovascular events (secondary outcomes) among patients receiving one or more of three common antihypertensive drugs (i.e., nifedipine, hydrochlorothiazide, and enalapril) in routine clinical practice between November 2016 and April 2017. Patients were followed for three months. Analysis was based on an intention-to-treat approach. One way analysis of covariance was used to compare the difference in therapeutic effectiveness in reducing blood pressure. RESULT:A total of 141 patients were randomized to one of three recipient groups-nifedipine (n = 47), enalapril (n = 47) or hydrochlorothiazide (n = 47). Three months after randomization, 44 patients in each group completed the follow-up. Patients randomized to nifedipine had significantly higher mean reduction in systolic blood pressure than those randomized to enalapril(p = 0.003) or hydrochlorothiazide(p = 0.036). The mean reduction in systolic blood pressure was -37.35(CI:-40, -34.2) in the nifedipine group; -30.3(CI: -33.5, -27.1) in patients receiving enalapril; and -32.1(CI:-35, -29.3) in patients assigned hydrochlorothiazide. However, nifedipine did not have a significance difference in reduction of mean diastolic blood pressure compared than those receiving enalapril (p = 0.57) or hydrochlorthiazide (p = 0.99). CONCLUSION:This study revealed that amongst the three drugs nifedipine was found to be the most effective drug in reduction of systolic blood pressure. Hydrochlorothiazide and enalapril did not show a difference in reduction of mean blood pressure. Further, long term randomized trials are highly recommended to inform revision of Ethiopia-centric hypertension treatment guidelines