Adhesion rates of MG-63 cells at different time points (x¯±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3).

<p>Note:</p><p>^▲ significantly different from the scaffold in the control group (<i>P</i><0.001).</p><p>^# interaction effect.</p><p>^★ significantly different from the 100% CS group (<i>P</i><0.001).</p><p>Adhesion rates of MG-63 cells at different time points (</p><p></p><p></p><p><mi>x</mi><mo>¯</mo></p><p></p><p></p>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3).<p></p

MG-63 proliferation rates at different time points (x¯±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 6).

<p>Note:</p><p>^▲ significantly different from the scaffold in the control group (<i>P</i><0.001).</p><p>^# interaction effect.</p><p>^★ significantly different from the 100% CS group (<i>P</i><0.001).</p><p>MG-63 proliferation rates at different time points (</p><p></p><p></p><p><mi>x</mi><mo>¯</mo></p><p></p><p></p>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 6).<p></p

Activities of ALP secreted by MG-63 cells on different scaffolds at different time points (x¯±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 6).

<p>Note:</p><p>^▲ significantly different from the scaffold in the control group (<i>P</i><0.001).</p><p>^# interaction effect.</p><p>^★ significantly different from the 100% CS group (<i>P</i><0.001).</p><p>Activities of ALP secreted by MG-63 cells on different scaffolds at different time points (</p><p></p><p></p><p><mi>x</mi><mo>¯</mo></p><p></p><p></p>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 6).<p></p

Proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of osteoblasts.

<p>(A) Osteoblast proliferation on the titanium surfaces after incubation for 1 d, 3 d and 5 d. (B) Alkaline phosphatase activity of osteoblasts on the titanium surfaces after incubation for 3 d, 7 d and 14 d (mean±SD, n = 6; **<i>p</i><0.01, *<i>p</i><0.05).</p

Water absorption and swelling ratios of SF/CS composite scaffold with different mass ratios x¯±<i>s</i> (<i>n</i> = 3).

<p>Note:</p><p>^▲vs. 40% SF-60% CS group and 20% SF-80% CS group.</p><p><i>P</i><0.05.</p><p>Water absorption and swelling ratios of SF/CS composite scaffold with different mass ratios </p><p></p><p></p><p><mi>x</mi><mo>¯</mo></p><p></p><p></p>±<i>s</i> (<i>n</i> = 3).<p></p

SEM images of the titanium surfaces after immersion in SBF.

<p>SEM micrographs of (A, C) UVA-treated and (B, D) UVC-treated surfaces after immersion in SBF for (A, B) one week (3000X, bar = 5 µm) and (C, D) three weeks (500X, bar = 20 µm).</p

Change in the pH of the lysate and the degradation rate in the 40% SF-60% CS group.

<p>(A) pH fluctuated in a small range of 7.42~7.62; (B)The scaffold lost only 18.25% of its original weight after 64 days.</p

The pH values and degradation ratios of the 40% SF-60% CS group x¯±<i>s</i> (<i>n</i> = 3).

<p>The pH values and degradation ratios of the 40% SF-60% CS group </p><p></p><p></p><p><mi>x</mi><mo>¯</mo></p><p></p><p></p>±<i>s</i> (<i>n</i> = 3).<p></p

SEM images of SF/CS scaffold materials.

<p>(A) In the 20% SF-80% CS group, a porous network structure appeared. The thickness of the pore walls was uniform, yet the shape and size of the pores were not very regular, and the connectivity between the pores was poor. The mean pore diameter was 100±20.56 μm. (B) In the 40% SF -60% CS group, the pore size was uniform, and the pore walls were a single layer with a smooth surface and uniform thickness. The connectivity between the pores was good, and the pores themselves were round and relatively uniform with a mean pore size of 150±28.56 μm. (C) In the 60% SF-40% CS group, an irregular laminar curled structure appeared. The connectivity between the pores was relatively good. The mean pore size was 210±23.71 μm. (D) In the 80% SF-20% CS group, the pore size was large and the wall of each pore was not smooth, but composed of multiple irregular laminar structures. The curling was more notable than the 60% SF-40% CS group, and the pore shapes were not very uniform. The mean pore size was 300±23.43 μm.</p

MG-63 cell growth on the scaffold.

<p>At 6 h after inoculation, the cells started to adhere to the walls of the scaffold material; at 24 h the adhesion completed and the cell volumes increased. At day 2, the cells became spindle-shaped or triangular, showing junctions between the growth projections; at 3 d the cells were tightly connected to each other, and the walls and pores of the scaffold material were all covered with cells.</p