Austenitic Stainless Steels - New Aspects

Stainless steel is still one of the fastest growing materials. Today, the austenitic stainless steel with the classic composition of 18% Cr and 8% Ni (grade 304L) is still the most widely used by far in the world. The unique characteristic of stainless steel arises from three main factors. The versatility results from high corrosion resistance, excellent low- and high-temperature properties, high toughness, formability, and weldability. The long life of stainless steels has been proven in service in a wide range of environments, together with low maintenance costs compared to other highly alloyed metallic materials. The retained value of stainless steel results from the high intrinsic value and easy recycling. Stainless steel, especially of austenitic microstructure, plays a crucial role in achieving sustainable development nowadays, so it is also important for further generations

Elevated cyclin E level in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma: possible causes and consequences

The expression of cyclin E gene (CCNE) in relation to the expression of its major regulatory protein, E2F1, was examined in clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC). We show that the overexpression of E2F1 is accompanied by the significant increase of the mean amounts of cyclin E mRNA, as well as of total cyclin E protein and its low molecular weight forms in cancer tissues as compared to peritumoral controls. A significant increase of the mean amount of total cyclin E was found in peritumoral tissues compared to cancer-free kidneys, suggesting that cancer cells might secrete factors having a profound influence on the metabolism of neighbouring tissues. A significant, positive correlations between E2F1 protein and total cyclin E mRNA, as well as between E2F1 protein and full length cyclin E protein were found in cancer-free kidneys and in peritumoral tissues, but not in ccRCCs. The overexpression of cyclin E positively correlated with the decreasing degree of tumor differentiation, implicating a role for cyclin E in the promotion of tumorigenesis