17 research outputs found
Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ«Π ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ CHNS/O/X-ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ Π« ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ₯ Π‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ
A review of the modern market for the automatic element analyzers widely used to control carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen and halogens, all of which are the main elements making up the organic compounds content and determining their properties, is presented. The operation principles and device variants of the main blocks of CHNS/O/X analyzers are considered including the sample introduction unit, the reactor unit, the combustion products separation unit and the detection unit. The latest developments of element analyzer manufacturers directed to optimize the individual stages of elemental analysis namely the application of double furnace technology, the incineration in tubes with a high temperature resistant ceramic coating, the application of a flame sensor for monitoring the combustion process, the injection of oxygen under pressure to ensure the efficient combustion of the most complex matrices, the use of separation systems such as already-established classical version of the gas chromatography or the temperature-programming desorption methods as well as the other detection systems are reviewed. The data on the most important technical and analytical characteristics of the analyzers such as Analytik Jena (Germany), Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH (Germany), Thermo Fisher Scientific (USA), PerkinElmer (USA), LECO (USA), EuroVector (Italy), CE Instruments (Italy ), Exeter Analytical (UK) are presented along with the data on the number of injected samples, the number and the design of the reactors, the carrier gases used, the methods of the separation and detection of combustion products, the types and the masses of the samples, the elements and ranges of the determined concentrations, and the duration of the analyses.Keywords: elemental analysis, analyzer, encapsulation, combustion, reactor, detector, calibration(Russian) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2018.22.1.001E.A. ZauerΒ Volgograd State Technical University,Lenin Avenue, 28, Volgograd, 400005, Russian FederationΠΠ°Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π³Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² CHNS/O/Π₯-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²: Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°, Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΌ-ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°: ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ°Ρ
Ρ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΊ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Analytik Jena (ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ), Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH (ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ), Thermo Fisher Scientific (Π‘Π¨Π), PerkinElmer (Π‘Π¨Π), LECO (Π‘Π¨Π), EuroVector (ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ), CE Instruments (ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ), Exeter Analytical (ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ): ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±, ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·-Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°.ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°: ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ, Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2018.22.1.00
Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ«Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ Π« ΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ¬ΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠΠ―
Current review covers all main stages of the quantitative determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method: preparation and acid mineralization of samples, distillation, and various chemical and instrumental options for determining the ammonia released after the treatment of mineralization products with alkali. The review also describes the latest technical solutions used to improve and automate certain stages of analysis such as the usage of block and IR digesters that significantly increases the efficiency of sample mineralization and reduces its duration; the usage of automatic lifts for the mineralized samples, which reduces the work of the operator with the heavy and hot chemical samples as much as possible; the usage of autosampler, which provides the automatic transfer of mineralized samples to the distiller; the automation of distillation and titration processes; the use of software for processing the analysis results. The following technical characteristics of the basic components of automatic analyzers for the nitrogen determination by the Kjeldahl method are systematized: digesters, distillers, and titrators produced by such well-known companies as Buchi (Switzerland), C. Gerhardt, Behr Labor-Technik GmbH and FoodALYT GmbH (Germany), Foss Tecator (Denmark, Sweden), VELP Scientifica (Italy), J.P.Selecta (Spain), Hanon Instruments (China), OOO VPK Sibagropribor and OOO Vilitek (Russia). The data on the characteristics of the analyzers is also provided and includes the number and volume of test tubes (flasks), the time of mineralization, distillation and analysis, mass (volume) of the sample, and the lower limit of nitrogen detection.Keywords: Kjeldahl method, acid mineralization, distillation and quantitative determination of ammonia, automatic nitrogen analyzerDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.2.002(Russian)E.A. Zauer, A.B. ErshovVolgograd State Technical University, pr. Lenina, 28, Volgograd, 400005,Russian FederationΠ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Ρ: ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±, ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ (Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅) ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΠ°ΠΊΠ°, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°: ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΠ-Π΄ΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ; ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±, ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Ρ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ; Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ± Π² Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΎΡ; Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ; ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·Π»ΠΎΠ² Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Ρ β Π΄ΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Buchi (Π¨Π²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ), C. Gerhardt, Behr Labor-Technik GmbH ΠΈ FoodALYT GmbH (ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ), Foss Tecator (ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π¨Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ), VELP Scientifica (ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ), J.P.Selecta (ΠΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ), Hanon Instruments (ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉ), ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΈΠ±Π°Π³ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΠΠ Β«ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΒ» (Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ). Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²: ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ (ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π±), Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°; ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ (ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅) ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ, Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ°.ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°: ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Ρ, ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΠ°ΠΊΠ°, Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ°DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.2.00
Modern Automatic CHNS/O/X Organic Compound Analyzers
A review of the modern market for the automatic element analyzers widely used to control carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen and halogens, all of which are the main elements making up the organic compounds content and determining their properties, is presented. The operation principles and device variants of the main blocks of CHNS/O/X analyzers are considered including the sample introduction unit, the reactor unit, the combustion products separation unit and the detection unit. The latest developments of element analyzer manufacturers directed to optimize the individual stages of elemental analysis namely the application of double furnace technology, the incineration in tubes with a high temperature resistant ceramic coating, the application of a flame sensor for monitoring the combustion process, the injection of oxygen under pressure to ensure the efficient combustion of the most complex matrices, the use of separation systems such as already-established classical version of the gas chromatography or the temperature-programming desorption methods as well as the other detection systems are reviewed. The data on the most important technical and analytical characteristics of the analyzers such as Analytik Jena (Germany), Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH (Germany), Thermo Fisher Scientific (USA), PerkinElmer (USA), LECO (USA), EuroVector (Italy), CE Instruments (Italy ), Exeter Analytical (UK) are presented along with the data on the number of injected samples, the number and the design of the reactors, the carrier gases used, the methods of the separation and detection of combustion products, the types and the masses of the samples, the elements and ranges of the determined concentrations, and the duration of the analyses.ΠΠ°Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π³Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² CHNS/O/Π₯-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²: Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°, Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΌ-ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°: ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ°Ρ
Ρ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΊ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Analytik Jena (ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ), Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH (ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ), Thermo Fisher Scientific (Π‘Π¨Π), PerkinElmer (Π‘Π¨Π), LECO (Π‘Π¨Π), EuroVector (ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ), CE Instruments (ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ), Exeter Analytical (ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ): ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±, ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·-Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°
Vergleichende Analyse von thermisch modifizierter undΒ nativer Fichte bei Beanspruchung quer zurΒ Faserrichtung
Modern analyzers for the determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method
Submitted 30 January 2019, received in revised form 16 April 2019ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ 30 ΡΠ½Π²Π°ΡΡ 2019 Π³., ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ 16 Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Ρ 2019 Π³.Current review covers all main stages of the quantitative determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method: preparation and acid mineralization of samples, distillation, and various chemical and instrumental options for determining the ammonia released after the treatment of mineralization products with alkali. The review also describes the latest technical solutions used to improve and automate certain stages of analysis such as the usage of block and IR digesters that significantly increases the efficiency of sample mineralization and reduces its duration; the usage of automatic lifts for the mineralized samples, which reduces the work of the operator with the heavy and hot chemical samples as much as possible; the usage of autosampler, which provides the automatic transfer of mineralized samples to the distiller; the automation of distillation and titration processes; the use of software for processing the analysis results. The following technical characteristics of the basic components of automatic analyzers for the nitrogen determination by the Kjeldahl method are systematized: digesters, distillers, and titrators produced by such well-known companies as Buchi (Switzerland), C. Gerhardt, Behr Labor-Technik GmbH and FoodALYT GmbH (Germany), Foss Tecator (Denmark, Sweden), VELP Scientifica (Italy), J.P.Selecta (Spain), Hanon Instruments (China), OOO VPK Sibagropribor and OOO Vilitek (Russia). The data on the characteristics of the analyzers is also provided and includes the number and volume of test tubes (flasks), the time of mineralization, distillation and analysis, mass (volume) of the sample, and the lower limit of nitrogen detection.Π ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΠ΅Π»ΡΒΠ΄Π°Π»Ρ: ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±, ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ (Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅) ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΠ°ΠΊΠ°, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΒΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°: ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΠ-Π΄ΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ; ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±, ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Ρ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ; Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ± Π² Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΎΡ; Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ; ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ·Π»ΠΎΠ² Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°Π½Π°ΒΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Ρ β Π΄ΠΈΠ³Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Buchi (Π¨Π²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ), C. Gerhardt, Behr Labor-Technik GmbH ΠΈ FoodALYT GmbH (ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ), Foss Tecator (ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π¨Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ), VELP Scientifica (ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ), J.P.Selecta (ΠΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ), Hanon Instruments (ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉ), ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΈΠ±Π°Π³ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΠΠ Β«ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΒ» (Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ). Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²: ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ (ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π±), Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°; ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ (ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅) ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Ρ, Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ°