Aerosol vaccines – perspectives and therapeutic impact

Introduction: Aerosol vaccination is a promising non-injectable method that provides immune resistance to pathogens since it follows the natural route of transmission of many infectious agents. The immune response, occurring after intranasal or respiratory vaccine administration, provides credible protection due to the common mucosal immune system, excellent blood supply, and lung permeability.Aim: The study aims to highlight the unconventional and perspective application use of aerosol dosage forms as a technological approach for vaccine drug delivery.Materials and Methods: A detailed literature survey in scientific databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate has been conducted, and the relevant information has been summarized and interpreted.Results: The aerosol vaccination method, as an alternative to the subcutaneous, intramuscular or intradermal application route, ensures defense against the inhaled pathogens, avoiding at the same time drawbacks associated with the injection administration such as the risk of reuse of disposable medical consumables, potential spreading of blood-borne diseases and the necessity of qualified medical personnel. Additionally, aerosol vaccination is an easier and more practical approach for patients, leading to improved compliance. Vaccines applied by the inhalation or nasal route of administration could be a successful approach for the treatment of diseases such as measles, tuberculosis, or influenza A, that although preventable, remain a global challenge.Conclusion: The aerosol method is promising for vaccine delivery with the potential to be fully evaluated in the upcoming years.                                                                                   

Topical use of resveratrol: technological aspects

Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic phytoalexin found in grapes, berry skins, roots of Japanese knotweed and is reputed as an excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuro- and cardio- protective agent. Resveratrol has also beneficial effects in therapy of different skin conditions such as acne, exfoliative eczema, psoriasis and is known to provide a protection against ultraviolet radiation-mediated oxidative stress. However, its low oral bioavailability and short biological half- life compromise its beneficial therapeutic effects; therefore, its topical application is a practical approach in the treatment of various cutaneous disorders. Challenges associated with the development of topical resveratrol drug delivery systems and dosage forms include its low aqueous solubility as well as its poor UV-, pH- and temperature-dependent stability. The purpose of this article is to discuss the mechanism of action, therapeutic effect and physicochemical properties of resveratrol and to present recent technological approaches designed to improve its stability, bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency