How Can Hypnodontics Manage Severe Gag Reflex for Root Canal Therapy? A Case Report

In endodontics, severe involuntary gagging can have a severe impact on treatment procedure. There are many ways to ease the gag reflex, one of which is hypnosis. A 34-year-old male was referred for root canal treatment of a molar tooth. He had not received any dental treatments for the past nine years due to fear of severe gag reflex. Three hypnotic sessions based upon eye fixation, progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery techniques were spent for psychosomatic management. The gag reflex was controlled and reduced to a normal level, and the required dental treatments including root canal therapy and restoration were performed successfully. This report shows that hypnosis can control gag reflex for dental treatments.Keywords: Dental Treatment; Endodontics; Gag Reflex; Hypnosis; Root Canal Therap

Interdisciplinary Approach for Management of Iatrogenic Internal Root Resorption: A Case Report

For management of a symptomatic maxillary lateral incisor with dull pain on chewing, suppurative sinus tract, defective metal-ceramic crown and iatrogenic internal root resorption, an interdisciplinary approach was taken. Two-visit nonsurgical treatment with calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement, replacement of metal-ceramic crown with all-ceramic crown and corrective periodontal plastic surgery were included in the treatment plan. Six-month and one-year follow-ups revealed complete resolution of signs and symptoms and radiographic healing. This case report highlights the importance of adequate cooling during crown preparation to preserve the pulp vitality and prevent internal resorptive lesions and also the profound sealing ability and biocompatibility of CEM cement.Keywords: Calcium-Enriched Mixture; Interdisciplinary Treatment; Internal Root Resorptio

The Prophylactic Effects of Zintoma and Ibuprofen on Post-endodontic Pain of Molars with Irreversible Pulpitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction: Post endodontic pain is often linked to the inflammatory process as well as additional central mechanisms. The purpose of the present double-blind randomized clinical trial study was to compare the prophylactic effects of a derivative of Zingiber Officinale, Zintoma, and Ibuprofen on post endodontic pain of molars with irreversible pulpitis. Materials and Methods: The post endodontic pain of 72 enrolled patients suffering from irreversible pulpitis was assessed after prophylactic use of 400 mg Ibuprofen, 2 gr Zintoma and placebo. Using the Heft-Parker Visual Analogue Scale, the patients recorded their perceived pain before taking the medicament (baseline), immediately after and also at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post one-visit endodontic treatment. The statistical analysis was done using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and Freedman tests (P<0.05). Results: At all times, there was significant difference between the Ibuprofen and Zintoma (P<0.05) and also between the Ibuprofen and placebo (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between Zintoma and the placebo in any of time intervals (P>0.05). No side effects were observed. Conclusion: The obtained results of the trial revealed that prophylactic use of 2 gr Zintoma is not an effective pain relieving agent

Malpighian tubules are important determinants of Pseudomonas transstadial transmission and longtime persistence in Anopheles stephensi

Background: Pseudomonas is a genus of bacteria commonly found in investigations of gut microbes in malaria mosquitoes. Among those mosquitoes is the dominating malaria vector in Asia, Anopheles stephensi, where Pseudomonas is a prevailing bacterium and natural inhabitant of its breeding places. In order to explore the reason for finding Pseudomonas so frequently, an investigation of its localization and transstadial properties was undertaken.Methods: A Pseudomonas isolate from Anopheles stephensi was transformed successfully with an endogenous plasmid modified to express green fluorescent protein (GFP). Subsequently, the Pseudomonas-GFP was added to the laboratory larval breeding place of Anopheles stephensi and taken up by the larvae. After 24 hours, the larvae were cleaned and moved to a bath with double-distilled water. Also, female adults were fed sugar solution containing Pseudomonas-GFP. The Pseudomonas-GFP was traced in the alimentary canal of larvae, pupae and adults.Results: Fluorescent microscopy and PCR assays showed that the Pseudomonas bacteria underwent transstadial transmission from larvae to pupae and then to adults. In blood-fed female mosquitoes, the bacteria increased in numbers and remained in the mosquito body for at least three weeks after eclosion. In addition to the midgut, the Malpighian tubules of both larvae and adult mosquitoes were colonized by the bacteria. Also Pseudomonas-GFP that was distributed through sugar solution was able to colonize the Malpighian tubules of adult females.Conclusions: Colonization of the Malpighian tubules by Pseudomonas bacteria seems to be important for the transstadial passage from larvae to adult and presumably for the longevity of the bacteria in the adult mosquito. The existence of an entry point in the larval stage, and the long duration in the female gut, opens up for a possible use of Pseudomonas in mosquito paratransgenesis

The effect of periodontal therapy on IL-17 and IL-23 in Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) of patients with severe periodontitis

Introduction: Cytokines are the important factors in the progression of periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of the first phase of the periodontal therapy on the amount of existing IL-17 and IL-23 in gingival crevicular fluid in patients with severe periodontitis and in the control group. Methods: In this clinical trial intervention study,after purifying the parts which were under consideration in 22 patients with severe periodontitis, gingival crevicular fluid was gathered using periopaper located within the gingival sulcus, Then, the first phase of periodontal therapy was carried out and sample taking from the same parts was conducted after 4 weeks. The same phase was carried out on 24 healthy patients (control group). All patients were selected from the Department of Periodontology, Tehran Islamic Azad University Dental Branch. Since the data did not have a normal distribution, therefore, nonparametric tests were used for comparing the groups (Mann-Whitney U Test). A p≤0.05 is considered as significant. Results: The results showed that there was a meaningful and significant difference between the IL-17 viscosity before (p<0005) and after (p<005) the therapy and IL-23 viscosity before (p<0001) and after (p<001) the therapy between the two groups. Conclusions: According to the results of the present study, we can conclude that IL-17 and IL-23 have a significant role in the pathogeneses of periodontal disease

The Impact of Social Digital Behavior on Digital Natives' Computer Security Behavior at Home - A Regression Study

Computer system end-users, whether at home or work, have been described as the weakest link in a computer security network. End-users frequently encounter warnings intended to prevent them from engaging in potentially dangerous activities and navigating to potentially malicious sites. However, end-users exhibit behaviors that violate safe computing and Internet use. End-users are either digital natives (born in or after 1982) or digital immigrants (born before 1982). This regression research study addresses the extent to which social behavior (measured by response efficacy, self-efficacy, and social influences) impacts the home computer user’s security behavior, controlling for digital natives. A survey was conducted from a random sample of individuals 21 years of age or older who own a personal computer and are responsible for its maintenance and repairs. The survey intended to determine to what extent do response efficacy, self-efficacy, and social influence impact security behavior of the home computer user, controlling for whether the user is a digital native or digital immigrant. The data was analyzed by using hierarchical linear regression. It was determined that when controlling for the effect of being a digital native, response efficacy and social influence were significantly predictive of behavioral intentions, while self-efficacy was not significantly predictive of behavioral intentions. This study shows that home computer users believe that (a) the security process is essential (response efficacy) and (b) they do not want to be seen in a negative light by their peers (social influence) but (c) that they may not actually change their personal behavior (self-efficacy) when making decisions vis-à-vis the security of their personal computers (security behavioral intentions). It was found that use of persuasive communications can affect the user’s security behavioral intention. Despite the implementation of fear appeals, some users have not changed their decision-making process to ensure the security of their systems

Vickers Hardness of Composite Resins Cured with LED and QTH Units

Statement of Problem: One of the factors affecting the degree of polymerization of light-cured composites is the type of light-curing unit used. In addition, physicomechanical properties of the composite resins depend on the degree of conversion and polymerization. Objectives: Since the type of initiator in new composite resins is not explained by manufacturers, this study is an attempt to compare the depth of hardening, with two LED and QTH light-curing units. Materials and Methods: Fifteen samples prepared from Gradia Direct and Filtek Z250, both of which being universal, were cured with QTH (Astralis 7) and LED (Bluephase C8) light-curing units. All the samples were molded in polyester resin and cut from the middle by a disk. The hardness of the cut area was evaluated at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4-mm depth intervals and also at the same interval as the width of the sample, with Vickers hardness machine, while the samples were placed in a darkroom. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, t-test and post Hoc Tukey’s tests in SPSS, version 16. Results: Filtek Z250 was harder than Gradia Direct at all the depth with both light-curing units. The hardness of Filtek Z250 sample cured with Astralis 7 was higher than that cured with LED, but with Gradia Direct the LED unit resulted in higher hardness. Curing depth was not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.109). Conclusions: Vickers hardness number for both composites used in this study is in an acceptable range for clinical implications. The composites’ composition is important to be considered for selection of light unit. Based on the findings of the present study, LED did not present more curing depth compared with QTH

The Effect of Final Rinse Agitation with Ultrasonic or Diode laser on Coronal Microleakage of Root-Canal Treated Teeth

Introduction: This in vitro study aimed at comparing the effect of agitating the final irrigant solutions of root canal by ultrasonic or using 808 nm Diode laser on the apical seal of canal. Methods and Materials: A total of 90 extracted human maxillary central incisors were prepared up to size #45 and were randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups (n=20) and two control groups (n=5) respectively, as follows: I): 3 mL of 5.25% NaOCl was agitated as final irrigant solution with ultrasonic for 30 sec. The ultrasonic tip was 1 mm shorter than the working length, II): 3 mL of 5.25% NaOCl was agitated as final irrigant with 808 nm Diode laser for 30 sec. Fiber tip, placed in 1 mm shorter from working length was spirally moved coronally, III): 3 mL of 17% EDTA was agitated as final irrigant with 808 nm Diode laser for 30 sec and was applied similar to group II, IV): 3 mL of 17% EDTA was stimulated as final irrigant with ultrasonic for 30 sec and was applied similar to I. Apical seal was assessed by Dual Chamber technique using Bovine Serum Albumin protein. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney tests were used with significance level lower than 0.05% for statistical analysis. Results: The average leakage in the negative control, positive control, and groups I, II, III, IV were: 0.00, 13.5±5.1, 1.72±2.9, 5.12±5.6, 3.36±3.7, 2.4±4.2, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant difference between groups (P&lt;0.05). There was a significant difference between groups 1 and 2 in terms of protein leakage. Conclusion: Agitating 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution as the final irrigant with ultrasonic is more effective in apical leakage reduction compared to other groups.Keywords: Apical Seal; Diode Laser; Irrigant Agitation; Irrigant Solution; Diode Laser; Ultrasoni

Coronal microleakage of three different dental biomaterials as intra-orifice barrier during nonvital bleaching

Background: This study was designed to assess the microleakage of glass-ionomer (GI), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement as coronal orifice barrier during walking bleaching. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, endodontic treatment was done for 70 extracted human incisors without canal calcification, caries, restoration, resorption, or cracks. The teeth were then divided into three experimental using "Simple randomization allocation" (n = 20) and two control groups (n = 5). The three cements were applied as 3-mm intra-orifice barrier in test groups, and bleaching process was then conducted using a mixture of sodium perborate powder and distilled water, for 9 days. For leakage evaluation, bovine serum albumin marker was traced in a dual-chamber technique with Bradford indicator. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean ± standard deviation leakage of samples from negative control, positive control, GI, MTA, and CEM cement groups were 0.0, 8.9 ± 0.03, 0.47 ± 0.02, 0.48 ± 0.02, and 0.49 ± 0.02 mg/mL, respectively. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between three experimental groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded that GI, MTA, and CEM cements are considered as suitable intra-orifice barrier to provide coronal seal during walking bleaching