Biodistribution, Uptake and Effects Caused by Cancer-derived Extracellular Vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as important mediators of intercellular communication. They are released in the extracellular space by a variety of normal and cancerous cell types and have been found in all human body fluids. Cancer-derived EVs have been shown to carry lipids, proteins, mRNAs, non-coding and structural RNAs and even extra-chromosomal DNA, which can be taken up by recipient cells and trigger diverse physiological and pathological responses. An increasing body of evidence suggests that cancer-derived EVs mediate paracrine signalling between cancer cells. This leads to the increased invasiveness, proliferation rate and chemoresistance, as well as the acquisition of the cancer stem cell phenotype. This stimulates angiogenesis and the reprogramming of normal stromal cells into cancer-promoting cell types. Furthermore, cancer-derived EVs contribute to the formation of the pre-metastatic niche and modulation of anti-tumour immune response. However, as most of these data are obtained by in vitro studies, it is not entirely clear which of these effects are recapitulated in vivo. In the current review, we summarize studies that assess the tissue distribution, trafficking, clearance and uptake of cancer-derived EVs in vivo and discuss the impact they have, both locally and systemically

Diagnostic, prognostic and predictive value of cell-free miRNAs in prostate cancer : A systematic review

Publisher Copyright: © 2016 Endzeliņš et al.Prostate cancer, the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in males worldwide, is estimated to be diagnosed in 1.1 million men per year. Introduction of PSA testing substantially improved early detection of prostate cancer, however it also led to overdiagnosis and subsequent overtreatment of patients with an indolent disease. Treatment outcome and management of prostate cancer could be improved by the development of non-invasive biomarker assays that aid in increasing the sensitivity and specificity of prostate cancer screening, help to distinguish aggressive from indolent disease and guide therapeutic decisions. Prostate cancer cells release miRNAs into the bloodstream, where they exist incorporated into ribonucleoprotein complexes or extracellular vesicles. Later, cell-free miRNAs have been found in various other biofluids. The initial RNA sequencing studies suggested that most of the circulating cell-free miRNAs in healthy individuals are derived from blood cells, while specific disease-associated miRNA signatures may appear in the circulation of patients affected with various diseases, including cancer. This raised a hope that cell-free miRNAs may serve as non-invasive biomarkers for prostate cancer. Indeed, a number of cell-free miRNAs that potentially may serve as diagnostic, prognostic or predictive biomarkers have been discovered in blood or other biofluids of prostate cancer patients and need to be validated in appropriately designed longitudinal studies and clinical trials. In this review, we systematically summarise studies investigating cell-free miRNAs in biofluids of prostate cancer patients and discuss the utility of the identified biomarkers in various clinical scenarios. Furthermore, we discuss the possible mechanisms of miRNA release into biofluids and outline the biological questions and technical challenges that have arisen from these studies.publishersversionPeer reviewe

The representation of Holocaust in the films "The pianist" and "Life is beautiful"

Bakalaura darba Holokausta reprezentācija filmās "The pianist" un "Life is beautiful" mērķis ir izpētīt, kā tiek konstruēta holokausta reprezentācija, izmantojot kinematogrāfiskos elementus drāmas žanra filmās. Teorijas daļā aplūkota kino semiotika un valoda, reprezentācija, holokausta reprezentācija un kino naratīva teorija. Metodoloģijā aprakstīta semiotiskā un naratīva analīze, kas tiks pielietota empīriskajā daļā, lai noskaidrotu holokausta reprezentāciju filmās. No iegūtajiem rezultātiem tiek secināts, ka semiotiskie elementi papildina holokausta atainojumu un skatītāju filmas uztveri, rodot līdzpārdzīvojumu un nodrošinot atbilstošu vēstures ziņojuma interpretāciju. Atslēgas vārdi: holokausts, reprezentācija, "The pianist", "Life is beautiful", kinoThe aim of the bachelor thesis Representation of the Holocaust in movies "The pianist" and "Life is beautiful" is to determine how is representation of the Holocaust constructed using cinematographic elements in drama genre films. The theoretical base consists of the sections about film semiotics and linguistic, representation, representation of the Holocaust and cinema narrative theory. In the methodology described research methods are - semiotic and narrative anlysis that is used in empirical part to determine representation of the Holocaust in the movies. From the analyzed information follows that semiotic elements enriches representation of the Holocaust and audience perception of movie, creating feeling of compassion and ensuring an adequate interpretation of history report. Keywords: Holocaust, representation, "The pianist", "Life is beautiful", cinem

Integration of Latvia's information and communications technology sector in global value chains

Bakalaura darba temats ir “Latvijas informāciju un komunikāciju tehnoloģiju nozares integrācija globālajās vērtību ķēdēs”. Darba mērķis ir Latvijas informācijas un komunikāciju tehnoloģiju (IKT) nozares integrācijas globālajās vērtību ķēdēs novērtējums laika posmā no 2000. - 2011. gadam. Darbā tiek apskatīta globālo vērtību ķēžu jēdziena un koncepta izcelsme starptautiskās tirdzniecības un ražošanas fragmentācijas teoriju ietvaros; apskatītas valsts integrācijas globālajās vērtību ķēdēs novērtēšanas metodes; veikta Latvijas IKT nozares tirdzniecības datu pievienotās vērtības izteiksmē analīze pēc integrāciju globālajās vērtību ķēdēs raksturojošajiem rādītājiem un sniegts Latvijas IKT nozares integrācijas GVĶ novērtējums. Darba izstrādei izmantoti 90 avoti, 14 attēli, 3 tabulas un 1 pielikums. Kopējais darba apjoms ir 67 lapas.The topic of Bachelor thesis is “Integration of Latvia’s information and communication technology sector in global value chains”. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the integration of Latvia’s information and communication (ICT) sector in global value chains in the period of years 2000 – 2011. The study describes origins of global value chains definition and concept within a framework of international trade and production fragmentation theories; describes measurements of integration of a country in GVCs; analyzes Latvia’s trade in value added data on ICT sector and evaluates Latvia’s ICT sector integration in GVCs. Paper consists of 67 pages, 14 pictures, 3 tables and 1 annex. There are 90 references used

Stress Management in Internal Care Nurse Practice

Bakalaura darba tēma “Stress interno aprūpes māsu praksē’’. Tēmas aktualitāte pamatojama ar to, ka internajām māsām psihoemocionālā spriedze darba vidē ir saistīta ar pastāvīgu atbildības sajūtu par citu cilvēku veselību un dzīvību, dažādām pacientu raksturu izpausmēm, sarežģītām situācijām. Ne mazāk svarīga nozīme ir sociālajiem faktoriem, prasmei sastrādāties ar kolēģiem, saskarsmei ar pacientu. Veselības aprūpes institūciju vadībai ir būtiski apzināties stresu izraisošos faktorus māsu ikdienas darbā, un savlaicīgi to novērsts vai mazināt, kā arī māsām pašām ir jāprot izmantot stresa menedžmenta pamatelenti ikdienas spriedzes mazināšana darba vidē. Darba mērķis: izpētīt stresu izraisošos faktorus un pārvaldību interno aprūpes māsu praksē. Veiktais pētījums ir izgaismojis stresa menedžmenta aktualitāti māsu profesionālajā darbībā, uzrādījis būtiskākos stresorus un aktualizējis preventīvo pasākumu nozīmīgumu stresa mazināšanai darba vidē. Pētījums un tā rezultāti ir praktiski izmantojami māsas profesionālās darbības pilnveidei stresa mazināšanai darba vidē . Pētījuma hipotēze- ilgāk praktizējošas māsas veiksmīgāk tiek galā ar stresa pārvaldību, ir apstiprinājusies. Atslēgas vārdi: stresa menedžments, internās māsas, preventīvie pasākumi, izdegšana.Theme of Bachelor work is “Stress management in internal care nurse practice”. The focus of the topic is based on the fact that for internal care nurse’ psycho-emotional stress in working environment is associated with constant sense of responsibility for the health and lives of others, different forms of patients’ character, different complicated situations. Social factors, ability to cooperate and co-work with colleagues, contact with the patients are no less important. It is essential for the management of healthcare institutions to be aware of the stress accelerating factors in the day-to-day work of nurses and to prevent or reduce them in good time. The nurses themselves should be able to use the basic components of stress management to reduce daily stress in the working environment. Aim of the work: to explore stress factors and their management in internal care nurse practices. The study carried out has highlighted the actuality of stress management in the professional performance of nurses, showed the essential stressors and indicated the importance of preventive measures to reduce stress in the working environment. The study and its results are practically usable for improvement of the professional performance of nurses for reducing stress in their working environment. Hypothesis of the study – the longer practicing nurses cope more successfully with stress management, is proved. Key words: stress management, internal care nurses, preventive measures, burning-out

Studies of valueorientated novels by Rudolfs Blaumanis.

Diplomdarba temats – „Vērtīborientēta Rūdolfa Blaumaņa noveļu apguve 11. klasē”. Centrālā problēma – kā ievirzīt skolēnu R. Blaumaņa mākslas vērtību pasaulē. Mērķis - izveidot metožu un uzdevumu kopu, kas palīdzētu izvirzītās problēmas risināšanā. Diplomdarbam ir ievads un trīs nodaļas. 1. nodaļā, padziļinātās studijās iepazīstot teorētisko literatūru, dots ieskats R. Blaumaņa dzīvē, daiļradē un vērtību pasaulē. 2. nodaļā dots 11. klases kolektīva raksturojums, izklāstīta mācību satura atlase, plānošana, izmēģinājuma iecere, kā arī raksturoti sagatavotie mācību materiāli. 3. nodaļā izklāstīta R. Blaumaņa personībai un literatūrai veltīto stundu norise. Par galveno sadarbības rezultātu tiek uzskatīts tas, ka skolēnos ir radusies izpratne par R. Blaumaņa mākslas vērtību pasauli, kā arī vairākos jauniešos ir vērojama vērtību aktualizācija. Diplomdarbs paredzēts skolēniem, kā arī esošajiem un topošajiem literatūras skolotājiem.The theme of diploma work is „Vētīborientēta Rūdolfa Blaumaņa noveļu apguve 11. klasē”. The central problem in this work is how to direct the pupil in R. Blaumaņa world of art values. The aim – to form a body of methods and targets, who could help to solve the problem. Diploma work has introduction and three chapters. In the first chapter has been given theoretical opinion of R. Blaumaņa life, creation and world of art values. In the second chapter has been given the description of the eleventh class. There has been stated the selection of lessons content, planning, probation contrivance and description of material profile. In the third chapter has been given devoted lessons process to R. Blaumaņa personality and literature. The main result of cooperation is that pupil has realization about R. Blaumaņa world of art values as well as many pupils show actualization of values. Diploma work is provided for pupils and new literature teachers

Comparison of gleason score and sum between prostate biopsy results and post-operative histology examination in patients with prostate cancer

Prostatas audzējs ir otrs biežākais audzēju izraisītais nāves iemesls vīriešiem. Ir svarīgi audzēju atklāt agrīni un uzstādīt precīzu diagnozi. Šim mērķim der precīza prostatas audu biopsija. Šī darba ietvaros veiktajā pētījumā tika noskaidrots, kāda bijusi prostatas vēža diagnostikas precizitāte 2013.gadā PSKUS. Tika vērtēts vai un cik lielā mērā atšķiras Glīsona skaitļu un summas precizitāte. Pētījumā tika retrospektīvi analizēti 108 pacienti.45.6% gadījumu Glīsona summa tika noteikta precīzi.77% pētāmo objektu prostatas vēzis tika novērtēts ar II stadiju.Secinājums:Glīsona summa visbiežāk tiek novērtēta par zemu biopsijas materiālā.Prostate cancer ir the second most common cause of death from all cancer in men.it is important to detect tumors early and set an accurate diagnosis.For this purpose suitable is precise prostate biopsy tissue. this study found a situation with prostate cancer diagnostic accuracy in 2013 in PSKUS.there were retrospectively analyzed 108 patients.45.6% of Gleason sum was determined accurately biopsy and histologic material.77% of the studied object prostate cancer were evaluated with stage II.Gleason sum is most often underestimated in biopsy.Conclusion: Gleason sum is most often underestimated in biopsy material