Antioxidative Activities and Isolation of Phenolic Compounds from the Root, Fruit and Leaf of Mengkudu (Morinda Citrifolia L.)

This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the antioxidative activities of extracts from different parts of Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) including leaf, fruit and root Methanol, petroleum ether, water and ethyl acetate were used as extraction solvent. The anti oxidative activities assays were done using ferric thiocyanate method (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid test (TBA). Furthermore, the activities of these extracts were then compared to that of a-tocopherol and butylated hydroxyl tolune (BHT). Effect of solvent types and concentration of extract used on antioxidative activities of M. citrifolia were also carried out. Meanwhile, isolation of phenolic compounds was carried out using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Identification and quantification of the common flavonoids in the separated fractions were carried out using a reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) procedures on a Symmetry CIS colwnn with water-methanol gradient elution system. Results showed that methanol root extract exhibited higher activity compared to that of fruit and leaf extract of the same with no significant (p<O.05) difference as compared to that of a-tocopherol and BHT. The result also showed that methanol gave highest yield of extract compared to that of water, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extraction. Meanwhile, both polar and non-polar extract of M citrifolia L. exhibited appreciable activity. Increasing concentration of methanol root extracts from 1000 to 5000 ppm do not significantly increased the anti oxidative activity. On the other hand, there was significant (p<0.05) difference in antioxidative activities of methanol leaf and fruit extracts when concentrations were increased. Similarly, increasing concentrations of water extracts from 1000 to 5000 ppm do not significantly increased the antioxidative activity of root and leaf of M cirrifolia L. However, there was significant (P<0.05) difference in anti oxidative activities of fruit extract at 1000 ppm compared to 2000 ppm. At 3000 ppm onwards there were no significant (p<0.05) difference in activities. Result also showed that at 3000 ppm, water extract of root, fruit and leaf of M citrifolia L. exhibited no significant (p<0.05) difference in activities dum that of either a -tocopherol or BHT. Meanwhile, increasing concentration of petroleum ether extract significantly increased the anti oxidative activity of all parts of M citrifolia. The result also revealed that the antioxidative activities exhibited by petroleum ether root extract was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of either a -tocopherol or BHT at concentration more than 4000 ppm. Similar observation was found in fruit and leaf extract of same solvent at 5000 ppm, where fruit and leaf extract exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher activity than that of either a -tocopherol or BHT. Increasing concentration of ethyl acetate leaf extract from 1000 ppm to 5000 ppm do not significantly increased the antioxidative activities. On the other hand, at 3000 ppm onwards there was significant (p<0.05)difference in anti oxidative activities of root and fruit extracts when concentrations were increased. Result also showed that at 3000 ppm and 4000 ppm, there was no significant (P<0.05) difference in the activities exhibited by root and leaf extract of same solvent than that of either (l -tocopherol or BHT. Meanwhile ethyl acetate fruit extract exhibited significantly higher activity than that of either (l-tocopherol or BHT at the same concentration tested. From this study it can be seen that different parts of M citrifolia exhibited varying degrees of antioxidative activities when different solvents were used in extraction procedures. Of the four solvents used, ethyl acetate is the best solvent for extracting antioxidative compounds from different parts (root, fruit and leaf) of Morinda citrifolia L. compared to other solvent. Isolation of phenolic compounds mainly focused on the separation and identification of antioxidants from methanol extract because of the polar properties of phenolic compounds especially flavonoids, which are known to be potent antioxidant. All fractions were seen to contain different amount of total phenolic compound and exhibited considerably high antioxidative activity. Identification of flavonoid successfully determines the individual active compound present in M citrifolia. Major component determine including catechin and epicatechin, which are known to be potent antioxidant

Antioxidative activities of chromatographic fractions obtained from root, fruit and leaf of Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.)

Crude extracts of root, leaf and fruit of Morinda citrifolia were fractionated on a Sephadex LH-20 column with ethanol as eluate. Based on UV absorption intensity of phenolic compound (725 mm) the Sephadex LH-20 column was able to separate fruit, leaf and root extracts into six, five and five fractions, respectively. The results showed that all the fractions tested exhibited considerably high antioxidative activity in the ferric thiocyanate assay and thiobarbituric acid test and the activities of some of the fractions were as good as those of either tocopherol or BHT. The fractions from different parts of the plants were found to contain different amounts of total phenolic compounds, which, interestingly, do not correspond to the antioxidative activity measured. This is probably due to the presence of different phenolics in the samples, with different antioxidative activities which involves various mechanisms inhibiting the oxidation process. The study suggested that root, leaf and fruit of M. citrifolia might contribute significantly to exogenous antioxidant which is crucial in combating oxidative stress

Ramification of gum arabic microencapsulation on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) flowers using ultrasonic spray dryer

Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea) flower is commonly used to treat various diseases andhas long been part of the science of phytomedicines. Ultrasonic assisted extraction technique is a simple, cheap and efficient alternative to traditional extraction methods, producing a much smaller particle size than conventional spray drier. This study was aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological properties of microencapsulated butterfly pea flower (MEBP) powder prepared using ultrasonic spraying technique. The samples were microencapsulated with different amount of Gum Arabic (GA) (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%). Surface morphology of the MEBP powder was examined using SEM showed different molecular structures in different MEBP powder.FTIR analysis identified phenolic hydroxyl group (1061.69 cm-1 and 3385.36 cm-1), sulfite group (1062.01 cm-1, 1065.92 cm-1, 1077.15 cm-1, 1234.72 cm-1and 1261.74 cm-1) and amide group (1635.99 cm-1 , 1636.74 cm-1 , 1654.14 cm-1 and 3417.2 cm-1). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) found to be ranging from 35.85±0.57 to 130.85±3.00 mg GAE/g dried sample, 4.32±0.04 to 6.90±0.11 mg QE/g dried sample, respectively. It was found that Bacillus cereus was sensitive to MEBP powder as the results showed a prominent inhibition zone (5.67±0.6 mm to 11.67±2.3 mm). MEBP produced with GA 6% ultrasonic spray drier was found to be effective in sustaining its antioxidative activities and the microbial activities were found to be active. This result provided useful information data on the best technique to use ultrasonic spray dryer to retain antioxidant compounds

Antioxidative properties and proximate analysis of spent coffee ground (SCG) extracted using ultrasonic-methanol assisted technique as a potential functional food ingredient

Spent coffee ground (SCG) produced in tons by restaurants and cafeterias and domestic consumers is a potentially good source of natural antioxidants because it contains substantial amounts of bioactive compounds. The purpose of this study was to identify the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of three different types of spent coffee ground (SCG), namely Robusta, Arabica and Liberica extracted using ultra-sonicmethanol assisted technique. DPPH, FTC, TBA, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were used to measure the antioxidant properties. Robusta SCG exhibited the highest DPPH inhibition 41.63±0.04%), FTC (60.42±0.03%) and TBA analysis (73.09±0.08%). The total phenolic compounds in the samples varied widely ranging from 18.94±0.06 to 26.23±0.86 mg GAE/g sample, with Robusta SCG showing the highest value among the three, while Arabica SCG depicted the highest amount total flavonoid content (47.62±0.05 to 56.20±0.08). A strong correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were observed in this study. Compared to Arabica and Liberica SCGs expended, Robusta SCG demonstrated a stronger beneficial effect against lipid peroxidation. This study reveals that SCGs can be regarded as a new useful source of natural antioxidant with a view to increasing the use of antioxidant synthetics by using the ingredient of agro-industrial residues in food production especially ingredients for functional food

Effect of hydrolysis time on antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Jack Bean (Canavalia ensiformis) protein hydrolysate

Jack Bean or Kacang Koro (Canavalia ensiformis) is one of the under-exploited tropical dry beans. This study was aimed to determine the effect of hydrolysis time on physicochemical properties, antioxidative and antimicrobial activity of Jack Bean protein hydrolysate (JBPH). The physicochemical properties of JBPH were evaluated based on protein content, WHC, OHC, degree of hydrolysis, foam stability and foaming capacity. The antioxidative activity of JBPH was measured using DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging and FRAP. Well diffusion method was used to study antimicrobial activity of JBPH. The highest protein content (33.16±0.03%) obtained in JBPH that hydrolysed for 150 min. The degree of hydrolysis was showed for JBPH highest at 120 min (51.79±0.28%). The size of the microstructure of JBPH analysed using SEM were decrease with hydrolysis time. FTIR analysis confirmed that JBPH comprised of three major components (Region I, II and III). Water holding capacity of JBPH was the highest for the sample hydrolysed for 60 min (63.87±0.72%) while oil holding capacity depicts the highest by it at 180 min (57.17±1.19%). Foaming capacity and foam stability decreased with hydrolysis time. JBPH produced at 120 min hydrolysis time showed the highest inhibition toward DPPH (42.44%) and hydroxyl radicals (20.01%). FRAP and superoxide radical scavenging, JBPH at 90 min showed the highest inhibition (91.15±0.05 µM and 64.33%). JBPH also showed antimicrobial properties by inhibits the growth of P. aeruginosa. The best hydrolysis time to produce JBPH with the highest physicochemical properties was found at 120 min

Effect of pre-treatment on physical properties, ascorbic acid and -carotene content of frozen sweet corn kernels hibrimas (Zea mays var Saccharata bailey) variety

The main objective of this study is to investigate the best pre-treatment based on physical properties, ascorbic acid and β-carotene content of frozen sweet corn kernels of the Hibrimas variety. Five types of pre-treatments being studied: water blanching, steam blanching, 0.5% citric acid blanching, 2.0% sodium chloride blanching and 1.0% sodium metabisulfite blanching. It was discovered that sodium metabisulfite blanching can improve texture of frozen corn kernels while citric acid blanching play vital role in colour and total soluble solids retention. pH value is more stable after subjected to steam pretreatment. Chemical pre-treatments were outweighing physical pre-treatments in ascorbic acid retention. There were no significant effects showed by pre-treatments on storage weight loss and β-carotene content. Citric acid pre-treatment was suggested to be the best pre-treatment due to its high colour and total soluble content

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis for flavonoids profiling of Napier grass herbal tea

Natural plant products are becoming more and more essential in helping to promote safe well-being worldwide. This leads to a substantial rise in the consumption of various herbal teas. The presence of beneficial bioactive ingredients such as flavonoids may be correlated with Napier grass herbal tea having health benefits associated with their intake. Studies have shown that herbal teas have preferentially high antioxidant activity due to the presence of flavonoids in them. The purpose of this study was to identify the Napier grass herbal teas flavonoids prepared under different conditions. Napier grass herbal teas have been formulated using green tea and black tea processes, respectively. The tea samples were extracted in water (95°C, 30 mins) and 60% (v/v) aqueous methanol (30 mins), respectively. Approximately, 1% (v/v) aqueous acetic acid solution (solvent A) and acetonitrile (solvent B) were used as the mobile phase. The flow rate was adjusted to 0.7 mL/min, the column was thermostatically controlled at 28°C, and the injection column was kept at 20 μL. HPLC chromatograms were detected using a photodiode array UV detector at 272 nm. Gallic acid, P-coumaric acid, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, rutin, myricetin and kaempferol were found in both Napier grass water and methanolic extracts, respectively. The findings suggested that the HPLC techniques are ideal for the detection and identification of flavonoids in Napier grass teas

Physicochemical properties of powdered protein hydrolysate from yellowstripe scad (Selaroides leptolepis) fish

Yellowstripe scad fish (YSF) or Selaroides leptolepis belongs to the small pelagic group that is abundantly found in South China Sea and is categorised as low value fishes. This study is designed to explore the physicochemical properties of YSF protein hydrolysate extracted using sodium phosphate buffer followed by 0.5%-2.0% of Alcalase at a series of hydrolysis time (1 hr and 2 hr). The properties of freeze and spray dried protein hydrolysate were evaluated for yield, degree of hydrolysis, protein content, microstructure and water holding capacity. Results showed that prolonged hydrolysis time exhibited increasing yield (0.6%-1.6% for spray drying and 12-16% for freeze drying) and high degree of hydrolysis (80-95%). Protein content recovered from hydrolysis process is within 20-29%. Microstructure of freeze dried YSF protein hydrolysate had 'collapsed-building' structure (irregular shapes with edges) while spray dried had small and spherical structure. Freeze dried protein hydrolysates were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than spray dried hydrolysates in water holding capacity

Influence of pectinase–assisted extraction time on the antioxidant capacity of Spent Coffee Ground (SCG)

Spent Coffee Ground (SCG) comprises a range of functional components with high antioxidant potential and health benefits. Although SCG has many advantages, antioxidant values obtained using enzymes is still scarce. Several studies reported that the use of enzyme-assisted extraction techniques could improve the detection of antioxidant compounds in samples of by-products. In this study, SCG was extracted using enzymeassisted techniques for different periods (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mins). The total antioxidant capacity was measured using Peroxidase, Catalase, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Superoxide radical scavenging assay (SRSA) and 2,2-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis. 60 mins extraction was found to exhibit antioxidant activity in DPPH, SRSA, Catalase and Peroxidase of 84.18±7.01%, 32.83±6.75%, 76.65±5.52% and 75.01±7.67%, respectively. Besides that, the extraction also gave a high amount of content with 267.17±26.69 mg TAE/mL and 58.30±2.36 mg QE/g in total phenolic content and total flavonoid content respectively. Flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, gallic acid, catechin, epigallocatechin, p-Coumaric acid and myricetin were found to be present in SCG extract. A high amount of catechin was found in all periods of extraction, whereby 60 mins had the highest concentration of 1741.65 mg/L, while 40 mins had the lowest concentration which was 389.85 mg/L. In conclusion, 60 mins extraction using a pectinase-assisted method was the best extraction period. Additionally, the individual flavonoid catechin in SCG showed that it has potential as an antioxidant. Finally, there is a strong correlation between antioxidative activity and both phenolic and flavonoid content

Penghayatan sains dalam Al-Quran: Pengalaman perkongsian ilmu penyelidik PPAL (UMT) dengan sekolah Imtiaz Terengganu

Fakta Sains dan hubungannya dengan al-Quran adalah sangat berkait rapat. Pengetahuan yang jelas tentang wujudnya perkaitan Sains dan al-Quran dapat memupuk semangat cintakan ilmu dalam kalangan masyarakat Islam, selain mengukuhkan keimanan mereka kepada Allah.Kertas ini membincangkan pengalaman pengendalian program penghayatan ‘Cakna Sains Berteraskan Wahyu’ melalui perkongsian ilmu antara para penyelidik PPAL, UMT dengan pelajar sekolah Imtiaz yang terpilih.Program ini dijalankan berasaskan modul pengisian yang telah dibentuk sesuai dengan kepakaran penyelidik seperti slot ceramah, demonstrasi serta kuiz.Hasil pemerhatian ikut serta, serta respon yang diberikan pelajar melalui soalan kuiz dan perbincangan menunjukkan program perkongsian ini telah berjaya menarik minat pelajar menghayati kepentingan ilmu Sains secara Islamik.Perkongsian hasil penyelidikan yang dijalankan oleh para penyelidik PPAL berpandukan silibus pendidikan yang dipelajari oleh para pelajar sekolah Imtiaz turut menjadikan pengendalian program perkongsian ini menjadi lebih menarik