Potensi Seduhan Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) Kombinasi Madu Terhadap Intensitas Nyeri Haid (Dysmenorrhea) pada Wanita: Potential Infusion of Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.) combined with honey Against the Intensity Menstrual Pain (Dysmenorrhea) in Women

Menstruation is a sign that a teenager has entered puberty. Menstruation can cause pain or cramping called dysmenorrhea. In this study, 1 papaya leaf (Carica papaya L.) was used combined with 30 ml of honey. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of steeping papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) combined with honey on the intensity of menstrual pain in women. In this test, 2 groups were used, namely the positive test and control using the Quasi Experimental research method by looking at the potential of herbal preparations on the NRS (Numerical Rating Scale) scale sheet given before and after treatment. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the effectiveness of papaya leaf tea with a combination of honey before and after administration to reduce the intensity of pain felt in each subject was significant, namely 0.000 (p <0.05) from the two treatment groups, namely the test and positive control, the comparison of pain was obtained from the leaves. papaya combined with honey was better and more effective in reducing dysmenorrhea pain after NSAIDs with a test mean ratio of 11.70 and positive control 9.30

Identifikasi Drug Related Problems Pada Pasien Congestive Heart Failure di Rumah Sakit “X” Balikpapan: Identification of Drug-Related Problems in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure at “X” Hospital Balikpapan

Heart failure is a condition where the heart fails to pump blood to meet the needs of the tissues. CHF patients are generally given at least 4 types of drugs, namely ACEIs, beta blockers, diuretics and digoxin. As a result, if it is not considered properly, it will be detrimental to the patient. This study is a non-experimental observational study with retrospective data collection on medical record data of patients who meet the inclusion criteria with the aim of knowing patient characteristics, knowing the description of drug use and knowing the incidence of DRPs in CHF patients at Hospital "X" Balikpapan. The results obtained from 106 patients, male patients were taller than female by 68 patients (64.15%), the highest age was in the late elderly category (56-65 years) as many as 40 patients (37.73%), the highest comorbid namely HHD 31 patients (29.24%), VES 16 patients (15.10%), renal insufficiency 13 patients (12.26%) and hypokalemia 13 patients (12.26%). The description of drug use in CHF patients included aspirin in 77 patients (72.64%), furosemide 62 patients (58.49%) and bisoprolol 49 patients (46.22%). The incidence of DRPs in the drug interaction category was 88 patients (83.01%), indicated without drugs 10 patients (9.43%), drugs without indications 4 patients (3.77%), inaccuracy of drug selection 2 patients (1.88%) , and failure to receive medication in 1 patient (0.94%), no incidence was found in the low dose, over dose and ADR categories

Upaya Pembuatan Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Sebagai Bahan Baku Produk Farmasi: Efforts to Make Cashew Nut Shell Liquid as Raw Material for Pharmaceutical Products

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L) is one of the plantation commodities which has a high economic value. However, the utilization is still limited to the cashew, while the shells have not been used as a product. The purpose of this study was to obtain cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) oil from cashew nut shells. Furthermore, efforts were made to purify CNSL which could be used as an opportunity for the use of cashew nut shell oil in the pharmaceutical field. This research was conducted experimentally with the Soxhlet extraction method using n-hexane solvent and concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The analysis carried out included yield, viscosity, acid number, specific gravity and pH while the analysis of CNSL purification efforts included screening, management and use of ice cubes. The results obtained were yield (%) 29.76 ? 4.133, acid number (mg KOH / gr) 129.70 ? 10.927, specific gravity (g / ml) 1.086 ? 0.0009, viscosity (cps) 464.79 ? 42.959 and pH 6.13 ? 0.134. The way of purification efforts carried out by physical processes, use, use of ice cubes did not show significantly different results. It can be said that cashew nut shell oil can be used as raw material for pharmaceutical products from the amount of oil yield obtained and requested in the next research to find out more suitable methods for CNSL purification

Level of Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior towards Antibiotic Resistance and Use in The Community in Kota Bangun Seberang Village

Antibiotics are highly used drugs in Indonesia to treat infections. However, low public knowledge about antibiotics leads to their inappropriate use. Inappropriate use of antibiotics will eventually increase health problems in the form of resistance. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes and behavior towards resistance and the use of antibiotics in the community in Kota Bangun Seberang. The method used in this research is observational analysis with cross sectional study approach. Data collection was conducted by interviews using questionnaires consisting of questions about resistance and antibiotic use. Sample collection of 80 people using purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed univariately and bivariately using the Spearman correlation test. The results showed that the majority of respondents\u27 knowledge level was in the good category at 55%, the majority of respondents\u27 attitudes were in the moderate category at 47.5%, and the majority of respondents\u27 behavior was in the good category at 51.25%. Spearman correlation test showed that there was no correlation between the level of knowledge and attitude, as well as the relationship between attitude and behavior of respondents regarding antibiotic resistance and use (sig > 0.01), and there was a very strong positive correlation between the level of knowledge and antibiotic use behavior of respondents (sig < 0.01)

Factors Affecting the Analytical Performance of Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

During the last few years, separation techniques using molecular imprinting polymers (MIPs) have been developed, making certain improvements using magnetic properties. Compared to MIP, Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) have high selectivity in sample pre-treatment and allow for fast and easy isolation of the target analyte. Its magnetic properties and good extraction performance depend on the MMIP synthesis step, which consists of 4 steps, namely magnetite manufacture, magnetic coating using modified components, polymerization and template desorption. This review discusses the factors that will affect the performance of MMIP as a selective sorbent at each stage. MMIP, using Fe3O4 as a magnetite core, showed strong superparamagnetism; it was prepared using the co-precipitation method using FeCl3·6H2O and FeCl2·H2O to obtain high magnetic properties, using NH4OH solution added for higher crystallinity. In magnetite synthesis, the use of a higher temperature and reaction time will result in a larger nanoparticle size and high magnetization saturation, while a higher pH value will result in a smaller particle size. In the modification step, the use of high amounts of oleic acid results in smaller nanoparticles; furthermore, determining the correct molar ratio between FeCl3 and the shielding agent will also result in smaller particles. The next factor is that the proper ratio of functional monomer, cross-linker and solvent will improve printing efficiency. Thus, it will produce MMIP with high selectivity in sample pre-treatment

Literature Review: Aktivitas Kulit Jeruk dalam Bidang Farmasi

Jeruk manis (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) adalah buah yang ditanam diiklim tropis ataupun subtropis dan termasuk komoditas buah penting dipasaran baik didalam negeri maupun dunia. Banyaknya permintaan jeruk ini mengakibatkan tingginya jumlah limbah kulit jeruk di Indonesia yang mencapai 309.678 ton pertahun. Kulit buah jeruk biasanya hanya dibuang dan tidak dimanfaatkan dan menjadi sampah yang tidak ada manfaatnya. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini yaitu untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder, aktivitas farmakologis, dan bentuk sediaan yang telah dibuat dari kulit jeruk manis. Metode yang digunakan yaitu studi literaturdengan penelusuran jurnal dan karya tulis ilmiah dengan database Google Scholar, Sematic Scholar, Science Direct, dan Wiley Online Library. Berdasarkan kajian literatur diketahui bahwa kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder kulit jeruk manis yaitu flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin, glikosida, steroid, karbohidrat, pektin, senyawa fenolik, kumarin, glikosida, saponin, dan terpenoid. Diketahui aktivitas farmakologis pada kulit jeruk manis yaitu sebagai antibakteri (senyawa 1,8-cineole, d-limonene, 5-C-glycosyl flavones: lucenin-2, vicenin-2, stellarin-2, lucenin-2-41- methyl ether and scoparin; one 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl glycolsyl, flavonol: 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl glycosyl quercetin), antijamur (senyawa limonene, ?-pinene, ?-pinene, dan ?-myrcere), antioksidan (senyawa neohesperidin, hesperidin, 5-C-glycosyl flavornes: lucenin-2,vicenin-2, stellarin-2, lucenin-2-41- methyl ether and scoparin; one 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl glycosylflavonol: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl glycosyl quercetin; and one flavone O-glycosides: chrysoeriol7-O-neoesperidoside dan komponen fenolik yaitu polymethoxylated flavones, O-glycosylated flavones, C-glycosylated flavones, O-glycosylated flavonols, O-glycosylated flavanones (glycosylated flavonones), insektisda (senyawa flavonoid, d-limonene, limonoid, saponin, dan tanin), tabir surya (senyawa antranilat dan hesperidin), peluruh steroform (senyawa limonene), antidiabetes (senyawa flavonoid), antikolesterol (senyawa flavonoid dan pektin) dan penyembuh luka (senyawa hesperidine, PMF, limonene, vitamin A, vitamin C , dan vitamin E). Serta bentuk sediaan yang telah dibuat dari kulit jeruk manis yaitu berupa masker peel-off sebagai antibakteri, masker gel sebagai antioksidan, tablet hisap sebagai vitamin C, sabun mandi cair sebagai antioksidan, serta gel untuk penyembuhan luka

In-Silico Screening of Mitragynine Derivates from the Genus Mitragyna Korth Targeting the Main Protease of the SARS-COV-2

Coronavirus Diseases 2019, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has been a significant threat to global public health. Unfortunately, effective COVID-19 vaccines and clinically-proven anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs remain unavailable. This study was carried out aiming to predict the potential effect of mitragynine derivates from the Genus Mitragyna Korth as an inhibitor of Mpro, the main protease of the SARS-CoV-2, by in silico molecular docking study. The crystal structure of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 as an active site target was obtained from the PDB database (rcsb.org) with PDB ID: 5R84 and 6LU7 with the native ligand of Z31792168 and N3, respectively. The analysis of in silico molecular docking was conducted using Autodock 4.2.6 (100 docking runs). The central grid was placed on HIS41 and CYS145 with a grid box comprised of 40x30x34 (for protein 5R84) and 36x62x40 (for protein 6LU7) points spaced by 0.375 Å was centered on the active site of X=9,812; Y=-0,257; Z=20,849 and X=-9.732; Y=11.403; X=68,483 (XYZ-coordinates), respectively. Our research indicated that mitrjavine and ajmalicine exhibit greater potential inhibition of the active site on the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2, even stronger than native ligands. We believed that these compounds are promising candidates to be examined in further COVID-19 drug discovery studies

Kajian In Silico Senyawa Turunan Kalkon sebagai Antikanker

Senyawa kalkon termasuk dalam famili flavonoid yang memiliki aktivitas seperti antimalarial, antioksidan, antimikroba, antikanker dan analgesik. Aktivitas antikanker senyawa kalkon berbasis 3,4-metilendioksi asetofenon di analisis melalui metode docking dengan adanya interaksi antara senyawa turunan kalkon dengan enzim topoisomerase II. Senyawa turunan kalkon berbasis 3,4-metilendioksi asetofenon dioptimasi dengan Hyperchem 8.0 dan di docking dengan MOE Chemical Computing Group. Interaksi antara senyawa turunan kalkon dengan enzim topoisomerase II berupa interaksi hidrogen dan arene hydrogen

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction on polyphenol metabolite from Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) urb. bulbs using response surface methodology

Eleutherine bulbosa bulbs, an endemic plant in Indonesia, have enormous potential as raw materials for pharmaceutical products. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen and develop extraction methods that are easy, rapid, and efficient to enrich targeted secondary metabolites. This study aims to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method conditions for polyphenol metabolite from E. bulbosa bulbs. The MAE method (with different conditions) was applied to extract total polyphenol content (TPC) from E. bulbosa bulbs. TPC values were determined using a 96-well microplate reader spectrophotometry method and Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. The variables of MAE, as an experimental design-independent variable, were involved. The MAE method condition was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and Box–Behnken design based on the TPC value. The MAE condition was optimized with 60% ethanol, sample–solvent ratio of 1:10 g/mL, and 50% Watts of microwave power for 10 min. The quadratic regression analysis was achieved to predict the TPC value using the equation: TPC value = 28.63–5.545A +2.211B –0.741C +1.995D – 4.045AB +0.856AC –7.541BC +1.961CD –8.342A2–0.071B2 +1.840C2–1.535D2. For the scale-up confirmation test, a 50-g sample was used to prove the validity of the equation to predict the TPC value, yielding 35.33 ± 2.13 mg gallic acid equivalent/g samples. The optimum of the MAE condition recommended based on the results of RSM analysis can be applied directly to the enrichment of polyphenols metabolite constituent of E. bulbosa easily, cheaply, quickly, and efficiently