Knowledge Transformation and Economic Development: The Role of Digital Technology- An Analysis

This paper assesses the role of evolutionary process in knowledge transformation and economic development, especially due to emerging diversified digital technology. Everywhere, in the world, ever-advancing digital technology is performing a revolutionary role in converting the world into a global village. The knowledge, scientific and non-scientific, is being transformed with an enormous speed through digital media. Getting education through technology is providing audio-visual way of enhancing knowledge. But digital technology has its positive and negative affects. It needs some positive steps to ensure the qualitative knowledge transformation. In this article copyrights of accessing computerized data is also discussed, which prevents legal transformation of knowledge for globalisation of the world, research based education, and economic development. There different views of different. Learned authors have presented different views for reflection and deeper understanding. This study, with brief history of knowledge transformation, is worthy of fruitful suggestions.Technology; Knowledge; Transformation; Scientific-Data; Research; Fair- Extract; Revolution and Low-Cost economic development

Paramètres agronomiques liés à la tolérance au sel chez le haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Agronomical traits associated with salinity-tolerance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Identifying multiple agronomical parameters associated with salinity-tolerance is important for evaluating common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars and improving their tolerance to salinity. Six cultivars were grown in soil, under glasshouse conditions and exposed to three salinity levels (control, 25 and 50 mM NaCl) to evaluate their tolerance using their biomass and the relative salt-susceptibility index: I.S.R.S. = D.R.B./I.I.S. (D.R.B.: relative biomass deficit and I.I.S.: salinity intensity index). On the other hand, a comparative field trial was conducted at four experimental stations of INRAT (Ariana, Oued Beja, Oued Meliz and Sejnane) during three consecutive years with sixteen cultivars to determine their grain yield stability, grain size and precocity. Results showed that tolerant cultivars are colour-seeded, early and presented yield stability and medium grain size. By contrast the susceptible cultivars are late, white-seeded and characterized by a less stable yield and small to medium grain size

Plant Biomass Productivity Under Abiotic Stresses in SAT Agriculture

The semi-arid tropics (SAT) include parts of 48 countries in the developing world: in most of India, locations in south east Asia, a swathe across sub-Saharan Africa, much of southern and eastern Africa, and a few locations in Latin America (Fig 1). Semi-arid tropical regions are characterized by unpredictable weather, long dry seasons, inconsistent rainfall, and soils that are poor in nutrients. Sorghum, millet, cowpea, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut are the vital crops that feed the poor people living in the SAT. Environmental stresses represent the most limiting factors for agricultural productivity. Apart from biotic stresses caused by plant pathogens, there are a number of abiotic stresses such as extremes temperatures, drought, salinity and radiation which all have detrimental effects on plant growth and yield, especially when several occur together (Mittler 2006)

Transpiration difference under high evaporative demand in chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) may be explained by differences in the water transport pathway in the root cylinder

Terminal drought substantially reduces chickpea yield. Reducing water use at vegetative stage by reducing transpiration under high vapor pressure deficit (VPD), i.e. under dry/ hot conditions, contributes to drought adaptation. We hypothesized that this trait could relate to differences in a genotype’s dependence on root water transport pathways and hydraulics. • Transpiration rate responses in conservative and profligate chickpea genotypes were evaluated under increasing VPD in the presence/absence of apoplastic and cell-to-cell transport inhibitors. • Conservative genotypes ICC 4958 and ICC 8058 restricted transpiration under high VPD compared to the profligate genotypes ICC 14799 and ICC 867. Profligate genotypes were more affected by aquaporin inhibition of the cell-to-cell pathway than conservative genotypes, as measured by the root hydraulic conductance and transpiration under high VPD. Aquaporin inhibitor treatment also led to a larger reduction in root hydraulic conductivity in profligate than in conservative genotypes. In contrast, blockage of the apoplastic pathway in roots decreased transpiration more in conservative than in profligate genotypes. Interestingly, conservative genotypes had high early vigour, whereas profligate genotypes had low early vigour. • In conclusion, profligate genotypes depend more on the cell-to-cell pathway, which might explain their higher root hydraulic conductivity, whereas water-saving by restricting transpiration led to higher dependence on the apoplastic pathway. This opens the possibility to screen for conservative or profligate chickpea phenotypes using inhibitors, itself opening to the search of the genetic basis of these differences

Chickpea genotypes contrasting for seed yield under terminal drought stress in the field differ for traits related to the control of water use

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is often exposed to terminal drought, and deep, profuse rooting has been proposed as the main breeding target to improve terminal drought tolerance. This work tested whether plant water use at the vegetative stage and under non-limited water conditions could relate to the degree of sensitivity of chickpea to terminal drought. Transpiration response to a range of vapour pressure deficits under controlled and outdoor conditions was measured with canopy conductance using gravimetric measurements and thermal imagery in eight chickpea genotypes with comparable phenology and contrasting seed yield under terminal drought in the field. Additionally, the response of plant growth and transpiration to progressive soil moisture depletion was assayed in the same genotypes. Drought-tolerant genotypes had a lower canopy conductance under fully irrigated conditions at the vegetative stage; this trend was reversed at the early pod filling stage. While two sensitive genotypes had high early growth vigour and leaf development, there was a trend of lower growth in tolerant genotypes under progressive soil drying than in sensitive ones. Tolerant genotypes also exhibited a decline of transpiration in wetter soil compared to sensitive genotypes. Canopy conductance could be proxied by measuring leaf temperature with an infrared camera, although the relationship lost sensitivity at the pod filling stage. This work suggests that some traits contribute to water saving when water does not limit plant growth and development in drought-tolerant chickpea. It is hypothesised that this water would be available for the reproduction and grain filling stages

Situation de référence de la phytodiversité et la productivité herbacée d’un dispositif de suivi du feu de brousse au Niger

Cette étude entre dans le cadre de la mise en place d’un dispositif de suivi des impacts des feux dans la Réserve Totale de Faune de Tamou contiguë au Parc Régional du W. Pour cela, la phytomasse a été prélevée par la méthode de la récolte intégrale et les relevés phytosociologiques ont été faits suivant l’approche Braun-Blanquet. L’Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances (AFC) a été appliquée à une matrice relevés X espècespour l’individualisation des groupements à l’aide du logiciel CANOCO 5.1. Pour l’interprétation écologique des résultats, une Analyse Canonique des Correspondances (ACC) a été réalisée sur la matrice relevés X variables environnementales. Au total, 107 espèces ont été recensées dont 37 ligneuses et 70 herbacées, reparties dans 80 genres et 39 familles. L’AFC a mis en évidence 7 groupements suivant un gradient nord-sud. Quatre (4) de ces groupements sont des faciès de savanes arborées +/- arbustives, localisées dans la partie sud de la station expérimentale et les trois (3) autres, situés au nord sont des savanes herbeuses. Par ailleurs,l’analyse de la diversité alpha au sein de ces différents faciès végétaux a fait ressortir un gradient d’augmentation de la phytodiversité selon le type de faciès. Quant à la productivité herbacée, elle varie dans le sens inverse.Mots clés: Savane ; productivité herbacée, phytodiversité, feux de brousse, Réserve Totale de Faune de Tamou, Niger

Diversité agro-morphologique des accessions de fonio [Digitaria exilis (Kippist.) Stapf.] au Niger

La variablité morphologique de 67 accessions de fonio [Digitaria exilis (Kippist.) Stapf.] collectées au Niger a été évaluée au cours de deux  années (2011 et 2012). Seize (16) caractères agro morphologiques (dont 14 caractères quantitatifs et 2 caractères qualitatifs) ont été évalués en station dans deux zones agroécologiques différentes (Tarna en zone sahélo-saharienne et Tara en zone soudanienne). La classification  acsendante hierarchique (CAH) et l’analyse factorielle discriminante (AFD) ont mis en évidence quatre groupes (GI, GII, GIII et GIV). Les accessions du groupe GIV ont en moyenne un cycle de maturité compris entre 85 et 90 jours tandis que les autres groupes présentent un cycle de maturité superieur à 90 jours dans nos conditions expérimentales. Les résultats montrent que les variables les plus discriminantes qui permettent de  décrire la variabilité entre les groupes identifiés sont la biomasse sèche (tige et feuille) par hectare, la longueur des entrenoeuds, le rendement en graine par hectare et dans une certaine mesure le cycle de la plante. L’observation des caractères qualitatifs a montré que cinq accessions (représentant 7% du total) ont des graines non decortiquées de couleur rouge et quatre accessions (6% du total), une tige de couleur rouge. Les caractères analysés peuvent ainsi constituer des critères de base pour différencier les accessions des autres régions de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et servir pour une étude de variabilité entre les restes des accessions de fonio collectées au Niger. Des possiblités d’amélioration peuvent  également être envisagées une fois que le regime de réproduction de l’espèce est bien identifié.Mots clés: Digitaria exilis, variabilité morphologique, accessions, diversité, fonio, Niger

Knowledge Transformation and Economic Development: The Role of Digital Technology- An Analysis

This paper assesses the role of evolutionary process in knowledge transformation and economic development, especially due to emerging diversified digital technology. Everywhere, in the world, ever-advancing digital technology is performing a revolutionary role in converting the world into a global village. The knowledge, scientific and non-scientific, is being transformed with an enormous speed through digital media. Getting education through technology is providing audio-visual way of enhancing knowledge. But digital technology has its positive and negative affects. It needs some positive steps to ensure the qualitative knowledge transformation. In this article copyrights of accessing computerized data is also discussed, which prevents legal transformation of knowledge for globalisation of the world, research based education, and economic development. There different views of different. Learned authors have presented different views for reflection and deeper understanding. This study, with brief history of knowledge transformation, is worthy of fruitful suggestions